Test #2 Flashcards
What kind of acid does your stomach make?
Hydrochloride acid or HCL
Arrange the following in the order in which food would pass through them:
Ascending colon, jejunum, descending colon, duodenum, sigmoid colon, ileum, transverse colon
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon
Name all the parts that compromise the large intestine.
Ascending, transverse, descending, & sigmoid colons
Does your esophagus lead to your stomach, your lungs, or both your stomach and lungs?
Stomach
Does your pharynx lead to your stomach, your lungs, or both your stomach and lungs?
Both
What adjective describes things pertaining to the liver?
Hepatic
What is the outer layer of alimentary canal?
Serous
What is the inner layer of your alimentary canal?
Mucosa
What are the waves of muscle contraction that push food through the digestive tract?
Peristalsis
Does cholecystokinin make your stomach churn faster or slower?
Slower
Is pepsin’s the active or inactive form of the enzyme?
Active
What conveys the inactive form of the enzyme in the your stomach into the active form?
Acid
What is a fistula?
Abnormal passage between 2 organs, or between organ and outside
Which of these produces bicarbonate?
Pancreas
What is the function of bicarbonate?
Neutralize acids
What produces bile?
Liver
What stores bile as its primary function?
Gall bladder
What is the primary function of bile?
Digest fat
What is bile made from?
Cholesterol
What is chyme?
Mix of food and digestive juice
Does your somatic nervous system cover voluntary responses, involuntary responses, or both?
Voluntary
Does your parasympathetic nervous system speed up your heart or slow it down?
Slow it down
Do afferent neurons send information to the brain or take it away?
To the brain
What helps circulate cerebrospinal fluid?
Ependymal cells
Which one of these helps to physically support neurons?
Schwann cell
What helps to physically support neurons?
Astrocytes
What acts as a phagocyte?
Microglia
What is the function of myelin?
Acts as an electrical insulator
What disease is caused by damage to myelin?
Multiple sclerosis
What kind of ion channel opens when a neuron’s membrane potential changes from the resting potential to threshold
Voltage-gated
Which kind of ion channel is always open?
Ungated
Ina neuron at rest, is K+ more common inside the cell, outside the cell, or is it impossible to tell?
Inside
What is the resting potential of a neuron
-70mV
What is the threshold potential of a neuron?
-55mV
If a neuron has a membrane potential of -80mV, is it more negative inside the cell of outside?
Inside
Is a neuron with a membrane potential of -80 mV more likely to fire or less likely to fire than a neuron at rest?
Less likely
If a neuron has a membrane potential of -80mV, is it inhibited or excited compared to a neuron at rest?
Inhibited
If a neuron has a membrane potential of-80mV, is it depolarizer or hyper polarized compared to a neuron at rest?
Hyper polarized
Which comes first in an action potential, the depolarization phase or the repolarization phase?
Depolarization phase
What opens at the start of the repolarization phase?
Voltage-gated K+ channels
What channel opens at the start of the depolarization phase?
Voltage gated Na+ channels
Can you get an action potential during the absolute refractory period?
No
What is the gap between neurons?
Synapse
Which ion enter a neuron to cause the release of neurotransmitters?
Ca2+
Would you expect un myelinated neurons to do saltatory conduction?
No
Do action potentials move faster down a neuron with or without myelin?
Faster with myelin
Would an inhibitory neurotransmitter make a neuron more or less likely to fire?
Less likely
Would you expect an inhibitory neurotransmitter to hyperpolarize or depolarize a neuron
Hyperpolarize
Name one way of clearing neurotransmitters from between neurons
Diffusion, uptake,,reuptake, enzynatic destruction
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the fight-or-flight response
Dopamine
Do agonists make neurotransmitters more effective or less effective?
More effective
Which one of these neurotransmitters is released on to muscles to start muscle contraction?
acetyl choline (ACh)
Which one of these neurotransmitters is primarily associated with dilating blood vessels?
nitric oxide
Which one of these neurotransmitters is primarily associated with causing pain?
substance P
Which one of these neurotransmitters is primarily associated with pain relief?
endorphins
Which one of these neurotransmitters is associated with functions including mood, appetite, sleep, and libido?
serotonin
Which one of these neurotransmitters is a general nervous system inhibitor?
GABA
Nicotinic cholinergic receptors respond to acetyl choline and to what other substance?
nicotine
What is the chemical formula for bicarbonate?
HCO3
If you remove H+ from your blood, would you expect carbonic acid levels to rise or fall?
fall
If you remove H+ from your blood, would you expect to exhale more CO2 or less CO2?
Less
In general, what is the job of the pH buffer system in your blood?
Keep pH stable
If your breathing is inhibited, would you expect to get acidosis or alkalosis?
acidosis
What does mmHg stand for?
Millimeters of mercury
Does your trachea lead to your stomach, your lungs or both?
Lungs
Which of these bones does NOT contain one of the sinuses found in your skull?
maxilla
Which of these is a collapsed lung?
pneumothorax
Which of these comes from the loss of alveoli?
emphysema
Which of these is fluid filling your alveoli?
Consolidation
Which of these is a tube running between your trachea and a lung?
bronchus
Which of these best describes surfactants?
chemicals that weaken hydrogen bonds
What is your residual volume?
what’s left after an extra deep
exhalation
What is your expiratory reserve?
extra deep exhalation
Which of these best describes Boyle’s Law?
As the volume of a container goes up, air pressure goes down
Which of these is where the majority of gas exchange occurs in the lungs
alveoli
What molecule carries most of the oxygen in red blood cells?
hemoglobin
Which of these elements help the molecule from the previous question carry oxygen
Fe
How do you get aspirational pneumonia?
Inhaling food particles
Is CO2 carried in red blood cells?
Yes
Which of these is your voicebox
larynx
Which of these creates cohesion and adhesion of water molecules in your lungs
hydrogen bonds
Do cohesion and adhesion of water molecules help you inhale, exhale or both?
exhale
Do low levels of CO2 increase or decrease the O2 saturation of blood?
Increase
Would you expect blood to give up more O2 if it was moving through tissue that was 99°F or 100°F?
100F
Would you expect blood to give up more O2 if it was moving through tissue with a pH of 6 or a pH of 7?
6
