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A&P Lecture > Circulation > Flashcards

Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart? Which of the chambers are more thickly muscled and why?

A

Left and right atrium, and the left and right ventricle. The left ventricle has more muscle because it has to pump blood to the rest of the heart.

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2
Q

What are the 3 main types of blood vessels, what are their functions, and how do they differ? Which is the smallest? Which takes blood to the heart? Which takes blood from the heart?

A

Arteries- carry blood away from the heart
veins- carry blood to the heart
capillaries- between arterial and venous systems

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3
Q

Do veins carry oxygenated blood, deoxygenated, or do some carry one type while others carry the other type?

A

Carry deoxygenated blood

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4
Q

Do arteries carry oxygenated blood, deoxygenated blood, or do some carry one type while others carry the others?

A

Oxygenated blood

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5
Q

Which chamber receives blood from the lungs? From the body? Which chamber sends blood to the lungs?

A

The left atrium receives blood from the lungs, the right atrium receives blood from the body, and the right ventricle sends blood to the lungs.

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6
Q

Where does the pulmonary circuit carry blood to & from? Where does the systemic circuit carry blood to and from?

A

The pulmonary circuit carries blood to and from the lungs. The systemic circuit carries blood to and from the body.

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7
Q

What is the pattern of blood circulation in the body, including which parts carry oxygenated blood and which carry deoxygenated blood?

A

Right atrium🔹right ventricle🔹pulmonary artery🔹🔻lungs🔻 pulmonary vein🔻left atrium🔻left ventricle🔻 systemic arteries🔻🔹body🔹systemic veins🔹 right atrium

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8
Q

Which ventricle is larger and why?

A

The left ventricle because it has to pump blood to the artery which pumps blood to the rest of the body.

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9
Q

Which way does blood normally flow in the heart? What keeps blood from flowing backwards in the heart?

A

Blood normally flows from atrium to ventricle. The valves keep blood from flowing backwards

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10
Q

What is a heart murmur? What is the difference between an innocent and abnormal heart murmur?

A

Heart murmurs are abnormal heart sounds.

Innocent: childhood or period of extra blood flow, like pregnancy

Abnormal: leaky malfunctioning valves, hardening, infection, septal defect (hole in heart)

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11
Q

What is a prolapsed heart?

A

Leaky or malfunctioning valves (The heart valve has caved the wrong direction and allows the blood to flow backwards in the heart.)

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12
Q

Are cardiac muscle fiber voluntary or involuntary?

A

Involuntary

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13
Q

Where does the action potential for a heart beat start? Where is the heart’s pacemaker

A

Action potential begins in the sinoatrial node (also called the pacemaker) in the right atrium

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14
Q

What causes cells in the pacemaker to depolarize to threshold?

A

The muscle fibers (ANS and hormones can change the rate)

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15
Q

What equation describes cardiac output (that is, how much blood the heart pumps in a certain time)?

A

CO (cardiac output)= SV (stroke volume) x HR (heart rate)

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16
Q

What are systole and diastole?

A

Systole is when the heart is contracted and diastole is when the heart is relaxed

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17
Q

What are the three ways of regulating stroke volume and how does each work?

A

Preload= stretching of atrial muscle fibers

Contractility= certain chemicals increase or decrease ventricular contraction

Afterload=to push blood out of the heart, pressure in heat must exceed pressure in arteries

18
Q

What is the Frank-Starling Law of the heart, and what causes the heart to behave this way?

A

More blood in heart= more stretching= stronger contraction (ensures blood leaving heart balances blood entering heart)

19
Q

What are + and - inotropic agents? To which category do Ca2+, K+, and epinephrine belong?

A

+ inotropic agents make the heart beat faster (epinephrine, Ca2+)

  • inotropic agents make the heart beat slower (hypoxia, K+)
20
Q

How does blood pressure affect stroke volume?

A

Blood pressure⬆️= stroke volume ⬇️

21
Q

What are tachycardia and bradycardia?

A

Tachycardia is when the heart beat is too fast and bradycardia is when the heart beat is too slow.

22
Q

What are filtration and reabsorption?

A

Filtration= when fluid gets pushed out of blood vessels

Reabsorption= when fluid is pulled back into the blood vessels

23
Q

What are blood hydrostatic pressure and blood colloid osmotic pressure? Which of these causes filtration and which reabsorption?

A

BHP= FILTRATION

BCOP= REABSORPTION

24
Q

What is edema and what are the 4 causes?

A

Edema= too much filtration and/or not enough reabsorption

Causes=hypertension, damage to capillaries from chemicals or infection allowing blood proteins to leak out, too few proteins to leak out, heart failure

25
Q

What is hypertension?

A

High blood pressure

26
Q

What is ascites?

A

Swelling in the abdomen due to heart failure

27
Q

What prevents back flow of blood in veins?

A

Valves in the veins

28
Q

What causes varicose veins?

A

When valves break, blood can pool in the veins causing them to distend

29
Q

What is the skeletal muscle pump and how does it work?

A

A pump in the body used to get blood back to the heart from the body. Accomplishes its tasks by squeezing veins with muscles.

30
Q

What is arteriosclerosis and why is it bad?

A

Hardening due to plaque formation. Bad because it keeps blood from going through a blood vessel

31
Q

What is phlebitis?

A

Inflammation of a vein

32
Q

What is blood plasma and what do you find in it?

A

Plasma is a complex solution that includes water (makes up most of it), amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes, and cellular wastes. Makes up about 55% of blood

33
Q

What are leukocytes, erythrocytes, and thrombocytes?

A

Leukocytes are white blood cells, erythrocytes are red blood cells, and thrombocytes are blood platelets

34
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

Red cells

35
Q

What is jaundice? Why does it make you yellow? Jaundice is a sign of the malfunction of what organ?

A

A disease that causes the skin to turn yellow, it makes you yellow because your body is producing too much bilirubin, malfunction of the liver.

36
Q

What is anemia? A lack of which nutrient can cause anemia?

A

Shortage of RBC’a or hemoglobin, lack of iron

37
Q

What is a blood vessel spasm, which blood vessels get them, and when?

A

A constriction of a blood vessel

Capillaries, little arteries & veins constrict when broken

38
Q

What is a platelet plug?

A

New shape makes them stick to colleges and each other

39
Q

What is deep vein thrombosis?

A

Prolonged immobility that causes pooling in veins and clot formation

40
Q

What disease is caused by lack of platelets and/or clotting factors, and what is the main symptom of this disease?

A

Hemophilia

41
Q

What is the function of heparin?

A

Works as an anticoagulant

A&P Lecture (9 decks)

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