Circulation Flashcards
What are the four chambers of the heart? Which of the chambers are more thickly muscled and why?
Left and right atrium, and the left and right ventricle. The left ventricle has more muscle because it has to pump blood to the rest of the heart.
What are the 3 main types of blood vessels, what are their functions, and how do they differ? Which is the smallest? Which takes blood to the heart? Which takes blood from the heart?
Arteries- carry blood away from the heart
veins- carry blood to the heart
capillaries- between arterial and venous systems
Do veins carry oxygenated blood, deoxygenated, or do some carry one type while others carry the other type?
Carry deoxygenated blood
Do arteries carry oxygenated blood, deoxygenated blood, or do some carry one type while others carry the others?
Oxygenated blood
Which chamber receives blood from the lungs? From the body? Which chamber sends blood to the lungs?
The left atrium receives blood from the lungs, the right atrium receives blood from the body, and the right ventricle sends blood to the lungs.
Where does the pulmonary circuit carry blood to & from? Where does the systemic circuit carry blood to and from?
The pulmonary circuit carries blood to and from the lungs. The systemic circuit carries blood to and from the body.
What is the pattern of blood circulation in the body, including which parts carry oxygenated blood and which carry deoxygenated blood?
Right atrium🔹right ventricle🔹pulmonary artery🔹🔻lungs🔻 pulmonary vein🔻left atrium🔻left ventricle🔻 systemic arteries🔻🔹body🔹systemic veins🔹 right atrium
Which ventricle is larger and why?
The left ventricle because it has to pump blood to the artery which pumps blood to the rest of the body.
Which way does blood normally flow in the heart? What keeps blood from flowing backwards in the heart?
Blood normally flows from atrium to ventricle. The valves keep blood from flowing backwards
What is a heart murmur? What is the difference between an innocent and abnormal heart murmur?
Heart murmurs are abnormal heart sounds.
Innocent: childhood or period of extra blood flow, like pregnancy
Abnormal: leaky malfunctioning valves, hardening, infection, septal defect (hole in heart)
What is a prolapsed heart?
Leaky or malfunctioning valves (The heart valve has caved the wrong direction and allows the blood to flow backwards in the heart.)
Are cardiac muscle fiber voluntary or involuntary?
Involuntary
Where does the action potential for a heart beat start? Where is the heart’s pacemaker
Action potential begins in the sinoatrial node (also called the pacemaker) in the right atrium
What causes cells in the pacemaker to depolarize to threshold?
The muscle fibers (ANS and hormones can change the rate)
What equation describes cardiac output (that is, how much blood the heart pumps in a certain time)?
CO (cardiac output)= SV (stroke volume) x HR (heart rate)
What are systole and diastole?
Systole is when the heart is contracted and diastole is when the heart is relaxed
What are the three ways of regulating stroke volume and how does each work?
Preload= stretching of atrial muscle fibers
Contractility= certain chemicals increase or decrease ventricular contraction
Afterload=to push blood out of the heart, pressure in heat must exceed pressure in arteries
What is the Frank-Starling Law of the heart, and what causes the heart to behave this way?
More blood in heart= more stretching= stronger contraction (ensures blood leaving heart balances blood entering heart)
What are + and - inotropic agents? To which category do Ca2+, K+, and epinephrine belong?
+ inotropic agents make the heart beat faster (epinephrine, Ca2+)
- inotropic agents make the heart beat slower (hypoxia, K+)
How does blood pressure affect stroke volume?
Blood pressure⬆️= stroke volume ⬇️
What are tachycardia and bradycardia?
Tachycardia is when the heart beat is too fast and bradycardia is when the heart beat is too slow.
What are filtration and reabsorption?
Filtration= when fluid gets pushed out of blood vessels
Reabsorption= when fluid is pulled back into the blood vessels
What are blood hydrostatic pressure and blood colloid osmotic pressure? Which of these causes filtration and which reabsorption?
BHP= FILTRATION
BCOP= REABSORPTION
What is edema and what are the 4 causes?
Edema= too much filtration and/or not enough reabsorption
Causes=hypertension, damage to capillaries from chemicals or infection allowing blood proteins to leak out, too few proteins to leak out, heart failure
What is hypertension?
High blood pressure
What is ascites?
Swelling in the abdomen due to heart failure
What prevents back flow of blood in veins?
Valves in the veins
What causes varicose veins?
When valves break, blood can pool in the veins causing them to distend
What is the skeletal muscle pump and how does it work?
A pump in the body used to get blood back to the heart from the body. Accomplishes its tasks by squeezing veins with muscles.
What is arteriosclerosis and why is it bad?
Hardening due to plaque formation. Bad because it keeps blood from going through a blood vessel
What is phlebitis?
Inflammation of a vein
What is blood plasma and what do you find in it?
Plasma is a complex solution that includes water (makes up most of it), amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes, and cellular wastes. Makes up about 55% of blood
What are leukocytes, erythrocytes, and thrombocytes?
Leukocytes are white blood cells, erythrocytes are red blood cells, and thrombocytes are blood platelets
What is hematocrit?
Red cells
What is jaundice? Why does it make you yellow? Jaundice is a sign of the malfunction of what organ?
A disease that causes the skin to turn yellow, it makes you yellow because your body is producing too much bilirubin, malfunction of the liver.
What is anemia? A lack of which nutrient can cause anemia?
Shortage of RBC’a or hemoglobin, lack of iron
What is a blood vessel spasm, which blood vessels get them, and when?
A constriction of a blood vessel
Capillaries, little arteries & veins constrict when broken
What is a platelet plug?
New shape makes them stick to colleges and each other
What is deep vein thrombosis?
Prolonged immobility that causes pooling in veins and clot formation
What disease is caused by lack of platelets and/or clotting factors, and what is the main symptom of this disease?
Hemophilia
What is the function of heparin?
Works as an anticoagulant
