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Bio 65 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What part of the bone forms joints

A

Epiphysis

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2
Q

What is the shaft of the bone called

A

Diaphysis

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3
Q

What is the difference between proximal and distal epiphysis

A

Proximal - closer to mid

Distal - far away from mid

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4
Q

What type of bone do the ends of the bone contain

A

Spongy bone

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5
Q

What type of bone does the shaft contain

A

Compact bone

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6
Q

What two characteristics does compact bone have

A

resistence to:
pressure
tension

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7
Q

What is in the center of the bone shaft, what is it composed of, what does it contain

A

Bone Marrow Cavity
Spongy bone
Bone Marrow tissue

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8
Q

What does the bone marrow tissue produce

A

red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets

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9
Q

What are the two types of bone marrow and what do they do

A

Red Bone Marrow - red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
Yellow bone marrow - abundant fats

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10
Q

What happens to the bone marrow as we grow older

A

More red bone marrow turns into yellow bone marrow

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11
Q

Where is red bone marrow commonly found

A

In the central locations of the body

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12
Q

What lines the bone marrow cavity

A

Endosteum - delicate connective tissue

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13
Q

What lines the compact bone

A

Periosteum - tougher connective tissue

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14
Q

What lines the epiphysis’s

A

Articular cartilage

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15
Q

What merges with the Periosteum

A

Tendons and Ligaments

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16
Q

What are the name of the zones of hyaline cartilage called

A

Epiphyseal lines

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17
Q

What is rickets and Osteomalacia and what is the difference

A

They are both caused by insufficient vitamin D or calcium that leads to weak bones

Rickets is in children
Osteomalacia is in adults

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18
Q

What can cause abnormal growth in bone marrow

A

Leukemia

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19
Q

Name some factors which can cause weaker bone tissue

A 
Smoking
Aging
Drugs
Physical activity
Hormoes
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20
Q

What forms concentric layers of bone tissue and what are they layers called

A

Matrix of compact bone

Lamella

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21
Q

What do the lamella surround

A

Haversian Canal

Havers discovered

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22
Q

What 4 thing does this canal possess

A

Arteries
Veins
Nerves
Lymphatic vessels

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23
Q

What type of tissue is bone tissue

A

It is living

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24
Q

What is the cementing substance that which surrounds the bone cells

A

Osteocytes

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25
Q

Where are these cells found

A

In the Lacunae

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26
Q

What joins these cavities together

A

Canaliculi

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27
Q

List the embryologic stages of bone productions

A
  1. In the embryo all is hyaline cartilage
  2. Eventually replaced by disorganised bone tissue
  3. Later replaced by organised bone tissue
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28
Q

What happens to bone production when we fracture a bone

A

Goes through the embryologic stages again

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29
Q

The lymphatic vessels in the bone can lead to

A

cancer

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30
Q

How many bones are in the skull

A

22
8 cranial
14 facial

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31
Q

List all 8 cranial bones

What is their main functions

A 
1 Frontal bone
2 Parietal bones
2 Temporal bones
1 Occipital bone
1 Sphenoid bone
1 Ethmoid bone

To protect the brain and sensory organs

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32
Q

What is special about the frontal bone

A

It is origanally 2 bones which fuse toether to form 1

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33
Q

What are the lines of fusion called

A

Sutures

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34
Q

Which is the only bone that doesnt have a suture

A

Mandible

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35
Q

Name each suture and where it is located

A

Coronal Suture - between the frontal and parietal bones
Lambdoidal suture - between the parietal and occipitical bone
Squamosal suture - between parietal and temporal bone

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36
Q

List the facial bones

A 
2 Zygomatic bone (cheek)
2 Maxilla
2 Lacrimal bone (tears)
2 Nasal bone
2 Inferior Nasal Concha
1 Vomer
2 Palatine
1 Mandible
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37
Q

What is the union between the zygomatic and temporal bones

A

Zygomatic arch

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38
Q

What are the 3 added bits to the temporal bone

A

Mastoid process of the temporal bone (nipple)
Styloid process of the temporal bone
External auditory meatus of temporal bone

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39
Q

What are the 2 added bits to the mandible

A

Condyle of the mandible (knob)

Coronoid process of the temporal bone (beak)

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40
Q

What are fontanels

A

soft spots in the newborn skull

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41
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located and what is it called

A

In the sphenoid bone

Called the Sella Turcica

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42
Q

What is the tongue bone

A

Hyoid bone

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43
Q

List the 5 differences in male vs female

A 
Weight of skull - male heavier
Ridges in frontal bone - male
Zygomatic bone is thick - male
Right angle mandible - male
Thick mandible - male
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44
Q

Where are the 5 sinuses located

A 
Frontal bone
Temporal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Maxillary
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45
Q

What surrounds our eye

A

The orbital cavity

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46
Q

What splits the two nasal bones

A

Bony nasal septum

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47
Q

What are the vertebra seperated by

A

Intervertebral discs

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48
Q

What is the first and second cervical vertebra

A

Atlas - fixed to skull

Axis - rotation of the head

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49
Q

What does the Axis have special

A

Tooth like projections called the DENS

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50
Q

What do cervical vertebra have special

A

2 lateral transverse processes
1 dorsal Spinous process
Transverse foramina
Intervertebral foramina - pathway for nerves

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51
Q

What are the openings called in the transverse processes and what do they allow

A

Transverse foramina - vertebral arteries

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52
Q

What provides the vertebra with weight bearing

A

Vertebral body

Intervertebral discs

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53
Q

What ring protects the spinal cord in the vertebra

A

Vertebral foramen

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54
Q

What are the 3 processes in the vertebra and where do they go

A

2 transverse process - to the side

1 spinous process - up

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55
Q

What is between the vertebral body and transverse process

A

Pedicle

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56
Q

What is between the transverse process and the spinous process

A

Lamina

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57
Q

What is the opening that allows spinal nerves through the pedicle

A

Intervertebral foramen

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58
Q

What is the space above the pedicle

A

Pedicle notch

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59
Q

Name all the facets and where are they found

A

Superior Articular facet - top end of pedicle
Inferior Articular facet - bottom end of pedicle
Superior Costal facet - top of vertebral body
Inferior Costal facet - bottom of vertebral body
Transverse Costal facet - end of transverse process

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60
Q

What vertebra are costal facets found in

A

Thoracic

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61
Q

What allows the attachment of ribs in vertebra

A

Costal facets

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62
Q

What is present in the Atlas vertebra

A

Neural arch
Transverse processes
Transverse foramina

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63
Q

What is present in the Axis vertebra

A

Vertebral body
Dens - upward bone
Transverse processes
Transverse foramina

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64
Q

What does the transverse foramina allow

A

passage of vertebral arteries

65
Q

What is present in C2-C6

A

Bifid spinous process - attachment of powerful neck muscles

66
Q

What do the superior and inferior articular facets do

A

unite adjacent vertebrae

67
Q

what is special about C7

A

the largest

doesnt have bifid - instead a long spinous process

68
Q

What causes the articulation between the Sacrum and lumbar vertebra

A

Superior surface of the sacral body

69
Q

Where does the pelvis meet the sacrum and what joints are formed

A

Auricular surface of the sacrum - ear shaped

Sacroiliac joints

70
Q

Does the spine reach the sacrum, why

A

Reaches L1 or L2

Only spinal nerves run down the Sacral canal

71
Q

How many sacral foramina are there and what do they allow

A

4

allow spinal nerves through

72
Q

In the sacrum, what is fused together to form the median sacral crest

A

spinous process of each vertebrae

73
Q

What is the Coccyx

A

Tail bone of the human

4 fused vertebrae

74
Q

What unites the coccyx and sacrum

A

cornu of the coccyx - horn shaped

75
Q

How many ribs attach to the sternum and what are their names

A

7 ribs

True ribs

76
Q

What ribs connect to another rib

A

8 - 10

known as false ribs

77
Q

What 2 ribs do not attach to the sternum

A

floating ribs 11-12

78
Q

What is at the end of the rib that attaches to the vertebra

A

Articular facet

79
Q

Where is the head and neck of the rib

A

The vertebral end of the rib

80
Q

What articulates with the transverse process costal facet

A

Tubercle of the rib

81
Q

Where do the arteries veins and nerves run in the ribs

A

costal groove

82
Q

What on the rib attaches to the sternum

A

Sternum extremity

83
Q

What is special about the first rib

A

greatest angle of rib
has one articular facet
has scalene tubercle - attachment of neck muscle

84
Q

List the main parts of the sternum

A

Manubrium - handle
Body
Xipohiod - sword

85
Q

List the borders and angles of the scapula

A 
Vertebral border
Superior border
Axillary border
Superior angle
Inferior angle
86
Q

What is at the end of the spine of the scapula and what does it articulate with

A

Acromion process - articulates with clavicle to form acromioclavicular joint

87
Q

Name the 3 fossas of the scapula and where they are

A

Supraspinous fossa - above spine
Infraspinous fossa - below spine
Glenoid fossa - below acromion process
Subscapular fossa - posterior side

88
Q

Where does the nerve run in the scapula

A

through the Scapular notch

89
Q

What articulates with the clavical to form the coracoclavicular joint

A

coracoid process

90
Q

What forms the shoulder joint

A

The articulation of the glenoid fossa and humerus

91
Q

how does the tricep connect to the scapula

A

on the Infraglenoid tubercle

92
Q

List the 3 parts of the clavicle

A

Acromial extremity - other end
Sternal extremity - knob end
Concoid tubercle - knob

93
Q

what are the 3 functions of the urinary system

A

removal of metabolic waste, excess water and salts
adjustment of blood pH
assists with blood pressure

94
Q

What is the area inside the urinary bladder called

A

trigone of urinary bladder

95
Q

What comes from the scrotum and passes through the inguinal canal

A

ductus deferens

96
Q

What surrounds the kidney

A

Renal capsule

97
Q

Where is urine first formed

A

Renal cortex

98
Q

What is the core of the organ called

A

Renal Medulla

99
Q

What are a bunch of urinary tubules called

A

Renal Pyramid

100
Q

The renal pyramid drains into the

A

Renal Papilla - nipple

101
Q

Where does the renal papilla carry urine to

A

minor calyx

then to the major calyx

102
Q

After the major calyx, where does urine move

A

Renal pelvis - expanded upper end of ureter

Then down into the ureter

103
Q

What does the renal artery divide into

A

Interlobar arteries

104
Q

What are the curved arteries in the kidney and what arteries come off them

A

Arcuate arteries

Interlobular arteries

105
Q

What branches off interlobular arteries

A

Afferent arterioles

106
Q

What is ball shaped and filled with capillaries and what surrounds it

A

Glomerulus

glomerular capsule

107
Q

List the order of which urine flows in the nephron

A 
Afferent Arteriole
Glomerulus
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal Convoluted tubule
Collecting tubule
Collecting ducts
Papillary duct
Efferent Arteriole
108
Q

What are the complex array of capillaries in the nephron called

A

Peritubular capillaries

109
Q

What type of cell is the glomerular capsule made of

A

Simple squamous cells

110
Q

What do the afferent and efferent arterioles make

A

the vascular pole

111
Q

What wraps around the capillaries in the glomerulus

A

Podocytes - prevent large molecules entering the urine

112
Q

What space is enclosed in the glomerulus capsule

A

Urinary space

113
Q

What type of cell is the urinary pole made from

A

simple cuboidal

114
Q

List the journey of sperm

A 
Testis
Epididymis
ductus deferens
Inguinal canal
ejaculatory duct
Prostatic urethra
Membraneous urethra
Penile urethra
115
Q

What produces semen

A

Prostate gland - 30%

Seminal vessicles - 60%

116
Q

What produces an akaline to neutralise the acidic conditions before ejaculation

A

Bulbourethral gland

117
Q

What spongy tissue surrounds the urethra

A

Corpus Spongiosum

118
Q

What traps warm heat in the penis during an erection

A

Corpora cavernosa

119
Q

What is another word for foreskin

A

prepuce

120
Q

What is contained within the spermatic cord

A 
Ductus deferens
testicular arteries
nerves
lymphatic vessels
Pampiniform plexus of veins - cooling of blood
121
Q

Where does the inguinal canal start

A

at the superficial inguinal ring - scrotum

122
Q

Where does the inguinal canal end

A

deep inguinal ring - abdomin

123
Q

What joins the muscles around the inguinal canal

A

inguinal ligament

124
Q

what is between the muscle and peritoneal lining

A

transversealis fascia

125
Q

What does the ductus deferens go through once past the inguinal canal

A

Parietal peritoneum

126
Q

What is the root of the penis called

A

Ramus of Ischium

127
Q

What is the obturator foramina

A

A large opening in the hip for blood vessels and nerves

128
Q

List the top middle and bottom of the external penis

A

Ramus of Ischium - bottom
Obturator foramina - middle
Pubic symphysis - top

129
Q

What is the base of the penis

A

Urogenital diaphragm

130
Q

What is attached to the Urogenital diaphragm

A

Bulb of the penis

131
Q

What surrounds the penile urethra

A

Corpus spongiosum

132
Q

What is to the sides of the bulb of the penis

A

Crura of the penis

133
Q

What vein is present in the penis and where is it located

A

Deep dorsal vein of the penis

below the fascia of the penis

134
Q

What is the process of producing spermatozoa and where is it done

A

Spermatogenesis

In the Seminiferous tubules

135
Q

What supports each tubule

A

Basement membrane

136
Q

Name the order of cells from the basement membrane

A 
Spermtogonia
(mitosis)
Primary Spermatocytes
(meiosis)
2 Secondary spermatocytes
2 Spermatids
Developing spermatids
Mature spermatids
137
Q

What are known as nursing cells and where are they found

A

Sertoli cells

Within the Sertoli cell cytoplasm

138
Q

Where do mature spermatids go

A

into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule

139
Q

What cell produces testosterone and what controls them

A

Interstitial cells of Leydig - pituitary gland

140
Q

What is the labia majora and what is inside

A

two hairy skin folds

two small folds called the labia minora

141
Q

What is the labia minora and what does it cover

A

two hairless skin folds

covers: Cliterous, urethra, vagina

142
Q

What is the area between the vagina and rectum

A

Perineal body

143
Q

What are the glands of the vagina

A

Vestibular mucous glands

144
Q

What is the double fold of the ovary

A

Mesovarium

145
Q

What are the 3 parts of the clitoris

A

Prepuce
Frenulum
Glans

146
Q

Name the exocrine glands

A

Sweat glands, Lacrimal glands, Salivary glands, Liver and pancreas

147
Q

What is unique about endocrine glands

A

they are ductless

produce hormones

148
Q

What is the master gland and what is its function

A

Pituitary gland - controls the activity of several target tissue

149
Q

What is the pituitary gland controlled by

A

The hypothalamas

150
Q

What are the nine hormones of the pituitary and what are their function

A

MSH - melanocytes in skin
GH - expands tissue
ADH - stimulates kidneys to reabsorb water
Prolactin and Oxytocin - breast milk
TSH - metabolic rate
PTH - calcium and phosphate
ACTH - cortex of adrenal glands - corticoids = regulate electrolytes, metabolism and sex
FSH - stimulates follicle development and production of progesterone and estrogens
LH - prompts ovulation and development of corpus luteum

151
Q

Name all the endocrine glands

A 
Pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Adrenal gland
Pineal gland
Thymus gland
152
Q

What does the pineal gland produce

A

Melatonin - night

Serotonin - day

153
Q

What does the thymus gland produce and what happens to it when becoming an adult

A

produces t- cells

becomes scar tissue

154
Q

What is special about the thyroid gland

A

Produces hormones all day and also stores hormones

155
Q

Which T hormones are inactive and active with what substance, what is the point of the iodine

A

T1 and T2 - inactive
T3 and T4 - active
Iodine
For metabolic rate

156
Q

Physiologically, what is different about active and inactive follicles

A

Active - active columnar follicular cells have reduced volume of stored colloid
Inactive - less active cuboidal follicle cells have abdunant colloid that is surrounded by cuboidal follicular cells

157
Q

What releases Calcitonin and what does it do

What does the opposite

A

Parafollicular cells
Calcitonin - increases excretion of excess calcium into urine

PTH

158
Q

What is special about the pancreas

A

It is a exocrine and endocrine gland

159
Q

What does the exocrine pancreas produce

A

digestive enzymes

Bio 65 (5 decks)

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