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Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What part of the bone forms joints

A

Epiphysis

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2
Q

What is the shaft of the bone called

A

Diaphysis

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3
Q

What is the difference between proximal and distal epiphysis

A

Proximal - closer to mid

Distal - far away from mid

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4
Q

What type of bone do the ends of the bone contain

A

Spongy bone

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5
Q

What type of bone does the shaft contain

A

Compact bone

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6
Q

What two characteristics does compact bone have

A

resistence to:
pressure
tension

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7
Q

What is in the center of the bone shaft, what is it composed of, what does it contain

A

Bone Marrow Cavity
Spongy bone
Bone Marrow tissue

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8
Q

What does the bone marrow tissue produce

A

red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets

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9
Q

What are the two types of bone marrow and what do they do

A

Red Bone Marrow - red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
Yellow bone marrow - abundant fats

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10
Q

What happens to the bone marrow as we grow older

A

More red bone marrow turns into yellow bone marrow

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11
Q

Where is red bone marrow commonly found

A

In the central locations of the body

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12
Q

What lines the bone marrow cavity

A

Endosteum - delicate connective tissue

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13
Q

What lines the compact bone

A

Periosteum - tougher connective tissue

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14
Q

What lines the epiphysis’s

A

Articular cartilage

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15
Q

What merges with the Periosteum

A

Tendons and Ligaments

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16
Q

What are the name of the zones of hyaline cartilage called

A

Epiphyseal lines

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17
Q

What is rickets and Osteomalacia and what is the difference

A

They are both caused by insufficient vitamin D or calcium that leads to weak bones

Rickets is in children
Osteomalacia is in adults

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18
Q

What can cause abnormal growth in bone marrow

A

Leukemia

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19
Q

Name some factors which can cause weaker bone tissue

A 
Smoking
Aging
Drugs
Physical activity
Hormoes
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20
Q

What forms concentric layers of bone tissue and what are they layers called

A

Matrix of compact bone

Lamella

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21
Q

What do the lamella surround

A

Haversian Canal

Havers discovered

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22
Q

What 4 thing does this canal possess

A

Arteries
Veins
Nerves
Lymphatic vessels

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23
Q

What type of tissue is bone tissue

A

It is living

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24
Q

What is the cementing substance that which surrounds the bone cells

A

Osteocytes

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25
Where are these cells found
In the Lacunae
26
What joins these cavities together
Canaliculi
27
List the embryologic stages of bone productions
1. In the embryo all is hyaline cartilage 2. Eventually replaced by disorganised bone tissue 3. Later replaced by organised bone tissue
28
What happens to bone production when we fracture a bone
Goes through the embryologic stages again
29
The lymphatic vessels in the bone can lead to
cancer
30
How many bones are in the skull
22 8 cranial 14 facial
31
List all 8 cranial bones What is their main functions
``` 1 Frontal bone 2 Parietal bones 2 Temporal bones 1 Occipital bone 1 Sphenoid bone 1 Ethmoid bone ``` To protect the brain and sensory organs
32
What is special about the frontal bone
It is origanally 2 bones which fuse toether to form 1
33
What are the lines of fusion called
Sutures
34
Which is the only bone that doesnt have a suture
Mandible
35
Name each suture and where it is located
Coronal Suture - between the frontal and parietal bones Lambdoidal suture - between the parietal and occipitical bone Squamosal suture - between parietal and temporal bone
36
List the facial bones
``` 2 Zygomatic bone (cheek) 2 Maxilla 2 Lacrimal bone (tears) 2 Nasal bone 2 Inferior Nasal Concha 1 Vomer 2 Palatine 1 Mandible ```
37
What is the union between the zygomatic and temporal bones
Zygomatic arch
38
What are the 3 added bits to the temporal bone
Mastoid process of the temporal bone (nipple) Styloid process of the temporal bone External auditory meatus of temporal bone
39
What are the 2 added bits to the mandible
Condyle of the mandible (knob) | Coronoid process of the temporal bone (beak)
40
What are fontanels
soft spots in the newborn skull
41
Where is the pituitary gland located and what is it called
In the sphenoid bone | Called the Sella Turcica
42
What is the tongue bone
Hyoid bone
43
List the 5 differences in male vs female
``` Weight of skull - male heavier Ridges in frontal bone - male Zygomatic bone is thick - male Right angle mandible - male Thick mandible - male ```
44
Where are the 5 sinuses located
``` Frontal bone Temporal Sphenoid Ethmoid Maxillary ```
45
What surrounds our eye
The orbital cavity
46
What splits the two nasal bones
Bony nasal septum
47
What are the vertebra seperated by
Intervertebral discs
48
What is the first and second cervical vertebra
Atlas - fixed to skull | Axis - rotation of the head
49
What does the Axis have special
Tooth like projections called the DENS
50
What do cervical vertebra have special
2 lateral transverse processes 1 dorsal Spinous process Transverse foramina Intervertebral foramina - pathway for nerves
51
What are the openings called in the transverse processes and what do they allow
Transverse foramina - vertebral arteries
52
What provides the vertebra with weight bearing
Vertebral body | Intervertebral discs
53
What ring protects the spinal cord in the vertebra
Vertebral foramen
54
What are the 3 processes in the vertebra and where do they go
2 transverse process - to the side | 1 spinous process - up
55
What is between the vertebral body and transverse process
Pedicle
56
What is between the transverse process and the spinous process
Lamina
57
What is the opening that allows spinal nerves through the pedicle
Intervertebral foramen
58
What is the space above the pedicle
Pedicle notch
59
Name all the facets and where are they found
Superior Articular facet - top end of pedicle Inferior Articular facet - bottom end of pedicle Superior Costal facet - top of vertebral body Inferior Costal facet - bottom of vertebral body Transverse Costal facet - end of transverse process
60
What vertebra are costal facets found in
Thoracic
61
What allows the attachment of ribs in vertebra
Costal facets
62
What is present in the Atlas vertebra
Neural arch Transverse processes Transverse foramina
63
What is present in the Axis vertebra
Vertebral body Dens - upward bone Transverse processes Transverse foramina
64
What does the transverse foramina allow
passage of vertebral arteries
65
What is present in C2-C6
Bifid spinous process - attachment of powerful neck muscles
66
What do the superior and inferior articular facets do
unite adjacent vertebrae
67
what is special about C7
the largest | doesnt have bifid - instead a long spinous process
68
What causes the articulation between the Sacrum and lumbar vertebra
Superior surface of the sacral body
69
Where does the pelvis meet the sacrum and what joints are formed
Auricular surface of the sacrum - ear shaped | Sacroiliac joints
70
Does the spine reach the sacrum, why
Reaches L1 or L2 | Only spinal nerves run down the Sacral canal
71
How many sacral foramina are there and what do they allow
4 | allow spinal nerves through
72
In the sacrum, what is fused together to form the median sacral crest
spinous process of each vertebrae
73
What is the Coccyx
Tail bone of the human | 4 fused vertebrae
74
What unites the coccyx and sacrum
cornu of the coccyx - horn shaped
75
How many ribs attach to the sternum and what are their names
7 ribs | True ribs
76
What ribs connect to another rib
8 - 10 | known as false ribs
77
What 2 ribs do not attach to the sternum
floating ribs 11-12
78
What is at the end of the rib that attaches to the vertebra
Articular facet
79
Where is the head and neck of the rib
The vertebral end of the rib
80
What articulates with the transverse process costal facet
Tubercle of the rib
81
Where do the arteries veins and nerves run in the ribs
costal groove
82
What on the rib attaches to the sternum
Sternum extremity
83
What is special about the first rib
greatest angle of rib has one articular facet has scalene tubercle - attachment of neck muscle
84
List the main parts of the sternum
Manubrium - handle Body Xipohiod - sword
85
List the borders and angles of the scapula
``` Vertebral border Superior border Axillary border Superior angle Inferior angle ```
86
What is at the end of the spine of the scapula and what does it articulate with
Acromion process - articulates with clavicle to form acromioclavicular joint
87
Name the 3 fossas of the scapula and where they are
Supraspinous fossa - above spine Infraspinous fossa - below spine Glenoid fossa - below acromion process Subscapular fossa - posterior side
88
Where does the nerve run in the scapula
through the Scapular notch
89
What articulates with the clavical to form the coracoclavicular joint
coracoid process
90
What forms the shoulder joint
The articulation of the glenoid fossa and humerus
91
how does the tricep connect to the scapula
on the Infraglenoid tubercle
92
List the 3 parts of the clavicle
Acromial extremity - other end Sternal extremity - knob end Concoid tubercle - knob
93
what are the 3 functions of the urinary system
removal of metabolic waste, excess water and salts adjustment of blood pH assists with blood pressure
94
What is the area inside the urinary bladder called
trigone of urinary bladder
95
What comes from the scrotum and passes through the inguinal canal
ductus deferens
96
What surrounds the kidney
Renal capsule
97
Where is urine first formed
Renal cortex
98
What is the core of the organ called
Renal Medulla
99
What are a bunch of urinary tubules called
Renal Pyramid
100
The renal pyramid drains into the
Renal Papilla - nipple
101
Where does the renal papilla carry urine to
minor calyx | then to the major calyx
102
After the major calyx, where does urine move
Renal pelvis - expanded upper end of ureter | Then down into the ureter
103
What does the renal artery divide into
Interlobar arteries
104
What are the curved arteries in the kidney and what arteries come off them
Arcuate arteries | Interlobular arteries
105
What branches off interlobular arteries
Afferent arterioles
106
What is ball shaped and filled with capillaries and what surrounds it
Glomerulus | glomerular capsule
107
List the order of which urine flows in the nephron
``` Afferent Arteriole Glomerulus Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle Distal Convoluted tubule Collecting tubule Collecting ducts Papillary duct Efferent Arteriole ```
108
What are the complex array of capillaries in the nephron called
Peritubular capillaries
109
What type of cell is the glomerular capsule made of
Simple squamous cells
110
What do the afferent and efferent arterioles make
the vascular pole
111
What wraps around the capillaries in the glomerulus
Podocytes - prevent large molecules entering the urine
112
What space is enclosed in the glomerulus capsule
Urinary space
113
What type of cell is the urinary pole made from
simple cuboidal
114
List the journey of sperm
``` Testis Epididymis ductus deferens Inguinal canal ejaculatory duct Prostatic urethra Membraneous urethra Penile urethra ```
115
What produces semen
Prostate gland - 30% | Seminal vessicles - 60%
116
What produces an akaline to neutralise the acidic conditions before ejaculation
Bulbourethral gland
117
What spongy tissue surrounds the urethra
Corpus Spongiosum
118
What traps warm heat in the penis during an erection
Corpora cavernosa
119
What is another word for foreskin
prepuce
120
What is contained within the spermatic cord
``` Ductus deferens testicular arteries nerves lymphatic vessels Pampiniform plexus of veins - cooling of blood ```
121
Where does the inguinal canal start
at the superficial inguinal ring - scrotum
122
Where does the inguinal canal end
deep inguinal ring - abdomin
123
What joins the muscles around the inguinal canal
inguinal ligament
124
what is between the muscle and peritoneal lining
transversealis fascia
125
What does the ductus deferens go through once past the inguinal canal
Parietal peritoneum
126
What is the root of the penis called
Ramus of Ischium
127
What is the obturator foramina
A large opening in the hip for blood vessels and nerves
128
List the top middle and bottom of the external penis
Ramus of Ischium - bottom Obturator foramina - middle Pubic symphysis - top
129
What is the base of the penis
Urogenital diaphragm
130
What is attached to the Urogenital diaphragm
Bulb of the penis
131
What surrounds the penile urethra
Corpus spongiosum
132
What is to the sides of the bulb of the penis
Crura of the penis
133
What vein is present in the penis and where is it located
Deep dorsal vein of the penis | below the fascia of the penis
134
What is the process of producing spermatozoa and where is it done
Spermatogenesis | In the Seminiferous tubules
135
What supports each tubule
Basement membrane
136
Name the order of cells from the basement membrane
``` Spermtogonia (mitosis) Primary Spermatocytes (meiosis) 2 Secondary spermatocytes 2 Spermatids Developing spermatids Mature spermatids ```
137
What are known as nursing cells and where are they found
Sertoli cells | Within the Sertoli cell cytoplasm
138
Where do mature spermatids go
into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule
139
What cell produces testosterone and what controls them
Interstitial cells of Leydig - pituitary gland
140
What is the labia majora and what is inside
two hairy skin folds | two small folds called the labia minora
141
What is the labia minora and what does it cover
two hairless skin folds | covers: Cliterous, urethra, vagina
142
What is the area between the vagina and rectum
Perineal body
143
What are the glands of the vagina
Vestibular mucous glands
144
What is the double fold of the ovary
Mesovarium
145
What are the 3 parts of the clitoris
Prepuce Frenulum Glans
146
Name the exocrine glands
Sweat glands, Lacrimal glands, Salivary glands, Liver and pancreas
147
What is unique about endocrine glands
they are ductless | produce hormones
148
What is the master gland and what is its function
Pituitary gland - controls the activity of several target tissue
149
What is the pituitary gland controlled by
The hypothalamas
150
What are the nine hormones of the pituitary and what are their function
MSH - melanocytes in skin GH - expands tissue ADH - stimulates kidneys to reabsorb water Prolactin and Oxytocin - breast milk TSH - metabolic rate PTH - calcium and phosphate ACTH - cortex of adrenal glands - corticoids = regulate electrolytes, metabolism and sex FSH - stimulates follicle development and production of progesterone and estrogens LH - prompts ovulation and development of corpus luteum
151
Name all the endocrine glands
``` Pituitary gland Hypothalamus Thyroid gland Parathyroid gland Adrenal gland Pineal gland Thymus gland ```
152
What does the pineal gland produce
Melatonin - night | Serotonin - day
153
What does the thymus gland produce and what happens to it when becoming an adult
produces t- cells | becomes scar tissue
154
What is special about the thyroid gland
Produces hormones all day and also stores hormones
155
Which T hormones are inactive and active with what substance, what is the point of the iodine
T1 and T2 - inactive T3 and T4 - active Iodine For metabolic rate
156
Physiologically, what is different about active and inactive follicles
Active - active columnar follicular cells have reduced volume of stored colloid Inactive - less active cuboidal follicle cells have abdunant colloid that is surrounded by cuboidal follicular cells
157
What releases Calcitonin and what does it do What does the opposite
Parafollicular cells Calcitonin - increases excretion of excess calcium into urine PTH
158
What is special about the pancreas
It is a exocrine and endocrine gland
159
What does the exocrine pancreas produce
digestive enzymes

Bio 65 (5 decks)

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