Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MYCOLOGY > Test #2 > Flashcards

Test #2 Flashcards

1
Q

How are chytrid zoospores dispersed

A

They use their whiplash flagella to swim like sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Chemotaxis

A

to ascend a chemical gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Mucor spore dispersal

A

Spores are coated in a sticky slime that helps them attach to the fur of small animals who then carry them elsewhere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Rhizopus spore dispersal

A

Spores are spread by the wind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Pilobus spore dispersal

A

Spores are shot out like a water cannon. The sporangium is phototropic and angles itself towards sunlight, building up pressure in the subsporangial vesicle until it shoots off and disperses the spores.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why do Coprophilious fungi need to shoot their spores long distances

A

They rely on being eaten by animals and most animals do not eat where they shit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Operates like a trap-door, shooting spores out

A

Unitunicate-operculate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Operates like a sphincter, squeezing spores out

A

Unitunicate-inoperculate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Operates like a jack-in-the-box

A

Bitunicate asci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

A closed ascoma that is dispersed by animal vectors

A

Cleistothecial and prototunicate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How spores in Ophistoma are dispersed

A

Spores are in a perithecial ascoma that has a long neck full of mucilage that expands when it gets wet and moves up the neck, taking the ascospores with it. The spores are then dispersed by beetles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Basidiospore dispersal

A

Forcefully shot downwards with a “water catapult”.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why is the umbrella shape of a typical mushroom important

A

it directs the spores downwards and protects the hymenium from getting saturated with water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

A mass of dry basidiospores (7 million) inside of a puffball fungus

A

Gleba

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Puffball fungus spore dispersal

A

A raindrop or something else causes the spore to dimple, forcing a small puff of air mixed with spores out of the opening in the top of the structure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The fleshy outer shell of an earthstar

A

Peridium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How earthstar spores are dispersed

A

by wind and rain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The normal spore count per cubic meter

A

10^6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

An acute response to high concentrations of fungal spores, found in many harvesters and threshers

A

Farmer’s lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The fungus commonly referred to as “black mold”

A

Stachybotrys chartarum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What percentage of crops fail to yield due to fungal disease

A

12.5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Three parameters that dictate the likelihood of an infection

A

The presence of a susceptible host, a favorable environment, and the presence of a pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Derive energy from living cells and do not kill their plant rapidly

A

Biotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Derive energy from killed cells; invade and kill the plant rapidly, then live on the remains

A

Necrotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Initial period of biotrophy, followed by necrotrophy

A

Hemibiotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What happens to most of the spores that germinate

A

They die shortly after germination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How a penetration peg is able to break through the plant cell wall

A

With help from lytic enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The origin and role of the haustorial membrane

A

host-derived and keeps the fungus cytoplasm separate from the plant cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Two ways that a necrotroph kills its host cells

A

Secretes metabolites that kill the host cell directly or secretes oxalate that can trigger programmed cell death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Types of necrotic lesions

A

Antracnose, blight, canker, scab, leaf spot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Chestnut blight (Cryphonectria) exhibits

A

Necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Example of Permanent wilting

A

Ophiostoma (Dutch elm disease)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Excessive growth due to release of growth hormones (Ustilago maydis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Leaf abscission

A

Loss of leaves via release of hormones (Hemileia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Etoliation

A

Excessive growth in length, seen in foolish seedling disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Prevention of reproduction

A

replacement of reproductive structure with fungus, as seen in Ergot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Causes rice blast fungus, is the most economically important plant disease in the world

A

Magnaporthe grisea (ascomycete)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What type of conidia does Magnaporthe grisea create

A

Thallic, solitary conidia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

A badidiomycete referred to as “honey fungus” that is spread via root to root contact

A

Armillaria ostoyae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

An Ascomycete teleomorph that causes barley powdery mildew

A

Blumeria graminis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

The type of spore that causes secondary inocula in Blumeria graminis

A

Conidiospore

42
Q

Which spore overwinters with Blumeria graminis

A

Ascospore

43
Q

Why does Ustilago maydis cause hypertrophy in corn

A

because it’s yeast form makes auxin

44
Q

The ascomycete teleomorph that causes Dutch Elm disease

A

Ophiostoma novo-ulmi

45
Q

The Basidiomycete that causes black stem rust

A

Puccinia graminis

46
Q

What connects the barberry bush to Puccinia graminis

A

The teliospores land on the barberry leaves and do their sexual phase, then send out aeciospores to infect cereal crops

47
Q

Sexual spores found on the barberry leaf, found inside spermagonia

A

spermatia

48
Q

A cup-like hyphal structure found on the underside of barberry leaves that are infected

A

Aecium

49
Q

Four different types of spores made by Puccinia graminus

A

Aeciospore, uridiniospores, teliospores, basidiospores

50
Q

The spore responsible for the primary inoculum of the primary host in Puccinia graminus

A

Aeciospores

51
Q

Spores responsible for secondary inoculation of the host in Puccinia graminus

A

Urediniospores

52
Q

The type of spore responsible for overwintering in Puccinia graminus

A

Teliospores

53
Q

The “Puccinia Pathway”

A

The spread of Puccinia graminus via the wind from Canada to Mexico

54
Q

The basidiomycete responsible for coffee leaf rust

A

Hemileia vastatrix

55
Q

The type of spores that spread Hemileia vastatrix

A

Uridiniospores

56
Q

The Ascomycete responsible for chestnut blight

A

Cryphonectria parasitica

57
Q

How does Cryphonectria parasitica infect it’s host

A

through wounds in the bark

58
Q

What kind of necrosis does Cyrphonectria parasitica exhibit

A

a canker

59
Q

A pocket where the formation of asexual spores (conidia) occurs

A

Pycnidium

60
Q

Why do shrub-like trees regrow after a chestnut tree has died from necrosis

A

because it does not infect the roots

61
Q

First generation fungicides

A

Inorganic fungicides, also called protectants; Sulfur salts

62
Q

Problems associated with 1st generation fungicides

A

Phototoxic, washed off in the rain, need to be constantly reapplied

63
Q

Second Generation Fungicides

A

Organic fungicides (also called protectants), contain thiocarbamates

64
Q

Disrupt the basic metabolic process, so fungi do not develop resistance easily

A

Thiocarbamates

65
Q

Major problem with thiocarbamates

A

break down into ethylene thiourea, a carcinogen and teratogen

66
Q

Third Generation Fungicides

A

Systemic fungicides; contain Benzimidazoles

67
Q

Where do systemic fungicides accumulate in the plant

A

in the apoplast

68
Q

Which direction do systemic fungicides move in the plant

A

Up through the xylem

69
Q

How do Benzimidazoles work

A

they interfere with microtubule assembly, blocking mitosis and hyphal growth

70
Q

Which phyla are relatively resistant to benzimidazoles

A

Basidiomycetes

71
Q

Problems associated with benzimidazoles

A

Resistance due to mutation of the B-microtubulin gene where the fungicide binds; Exposure during pregnancy causes children to be born without eyes

72
Q

How have fungi developed resistance to benzimidazoles

A

by altering the binding site, so the fungicide loses affinity

73
Q

How do azole fungicides work

A

They inhibit cytochrome p-450, which is involved in demythylating sterols and the fungi is not able to produce a functional membrane

74
Q

Three ways that fungi have developed resistance to azole systemic fungicides

A

Exclude the uptake of azoles, develop altered membrane with reduced ergosterol content, and mutating the fungicide binding site

75
Q

Why did fungus develop a resistance to systemic fungicides so easily

A

because they target one specific site within the fungus, which was easy to change

76
Q

Pasteurization of soil

A

Raising the soil to 65-70 degrees for 30 minutes

77
Q

To introduce or favor a natural predator, parasite, or competitor of the organism to be controlled

A

Biocontrol

78
Q

Advantages of using Biocontrol

A

High reproductive capacity, short generation time, usually highly specific host range, saprophytic or resting stage when host isn’t available

79
Q

Problems with using Biocontrol

A

May only damage host, may only reduce target, is relatively slow

80
Q

Muscardine disease

A

fungal infection of insects; often causes summit disease

81
Q

The Ascomycete anamorph that causes muscardine disease in silk worms

A

Beauveria bassiana

82
Q

A “self-quarantine” or psychosis behavior that causes the infected insect to crawl to a high area where they then die

A

Summit disease

83
Q

Zombie ants

A

ants infected with Cordyceps bassiana

84
Q

The structure that comes out of a zombie ant’s head

A

vegetable caterpillar

85
Q

The fungus that protects chrysanthemums

A

Lecanicillim lecanii

86
Q

Insects that are controlled by Lecanicillium lecanii

A

Aphids and white flies

87
Q

The Zygomycete that causes “fly fungus”

A

Entomophthora muscae

88
Q

The white structure surrounding a fly killed by Entomophthora muscae

A

Mitosporangia

89
Q

What was introduced to Australia to control spotted alfalfa aphids

A

Entomophthora

90
Q

The Basidiomycete used to control rush skeleton weed in Australia

A

Puccinia chondrillina

91
Q

Why can’t Puccinia chondrillina be mass produced as a biocontrol

A

because it is obligately biotropic

92
Q

The Ascomycete used to control northern joint vetch and dodder

A

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

93
Q

Problems with commercializing fungal biocides

A

Lack of continued commercial backing, high cost of production, introduction of newer herbicidal chemistries, resistance biotype, limited market

94
Q

The Basidiomycete that causes stem blight in peanuts

A

Sclerotium rolfsi

95
Q

Brown balls containing hyphen threads

A

Sclerotium

96
Q

The fungus that controls Sclerotium rolfsi

A

Trichoderma harzianum

97
Q

The problem found with using Trichoderma

A

Farmers spray with fungicides to kill Cercospora and end up killing the Trichospora, too.

98
Q

The fungus that causes dry bubble in other mushrooms

A

Lecanicillium fungicola

99
Q

What is used to control Lecanicillium fungicola

A

Trichoderma

100
Q

Has Trichoderma been commercially successful?

A

Yes, it is available in stores

MYCOLOGY (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions