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MYCOLOGY > Intro, Fungal Structure, and Chytridiomycetes > Flashcards

Intro, Fungal Structure, and Chytridiomycetes Flashcards

1
Q

The seven kingdoms of life

A

Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protozoa, Chromista, Eumycota, Plantae, Animalia

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2
Q

Characteristic of fungi that distinguishes them from plants

A

Fungi do not contain chlorophyll

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3
Q

Characteristic of fungi that distinguishes them from animals

A

Fungal cells are typically surrounded by cell walls

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4
Q

How do fungi obtain nutrients?

A

Absorptive nutrition: Digestive enzymes are secreted through the porous hyphal wall and nutrients are absorbed back through the pores.

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5
Q

How was Otzi using the fungi found in his belt?

A

He was using it to treat his parasitic whip worm infection.

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6
Q

The genus and species of the fungus used by Otzi

A

Piptoporous betulinus, a bracket fungus that contains polyporenic acid.

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7
Q

Fox Fire

A

Mentioned by Aristotle, the bioluminescent fruiting bodies of fungi that were used by soldiers to mark their paths at night.

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8
Q

Benefits of fungi

A

They are sources of medicine, aid in food production, and increase disease and drought resistance in plants.

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9
Q

Negatives of fungi

A

The cause of diseases, such as St. Anthony’s fire; are the number one pathogen of plants; are the most common source of food rot.

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10
Q

Appressorium

A

A flattened, hyphal “pressing” organ that is used to puncture the outer layer of the host using turgor pressure.

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11
Q

The fungus found on bananas that creates brown spots and facilitates ripening

A

Colletotrichum musae

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12
Q

“Fungus humongous”

A

Armillaria ostoyae, which is believed to be 8650 years old.

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13
Q

Both positive and negative interactions; simply implies a relationship

A

Symbiosis

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14
Q

A relationship where both parties benefit

A

Mutualism

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15
Q

One party benefits, the other sees little or no effect

A

Commensalism

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16
Q

One party benefits, the other is harmed

A

Parasitism

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17
Q

What is fungi’s major job for the planet?

A

They are the major recyclers for the planet; they spin the carbon cycle

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18
Q

How have fungi been used to create a plastic-like material?

A

Using a 3-D printer, ground up trash and fungus are used to synthesize an object. It is then incubated in a moist chamber until the fungus have digested the trash and replaced it with mycelia. The object is then baked to kill the fungus, drying it down to a lightweight, sturdy material.

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19
Q

The 7 official phyla and zygomycetes

A

Chytridiomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Neocallimastigomycota, Microsporidia, Glomeromycota, Zygomycetes, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota

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20
Q

Two phyla containing 90% of all fungi

A

Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes

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21
Q

Phylum characterized by having basidia

A

Basidiomycetes

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22
Q

Phylum characterized by having asci

A

Ascomycetes

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23
Q

Phylum characterized by making zygospores

A

Zygomycetes

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24
Q

Phylum characterized by having arbuscular, endomycorrhizal fungi

A

Glomeromycetes

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25
Q

Phylum characterized by having a single or no flagella

A

Chytridiomycetes

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26
Q

Phylum characterized by containing chytrids with sporic meiosis

A

Blastocladiomycetes

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27
Q

Pylum characterized by having anaerobic, multiflagellated chytrids

A

Neocallimastigomycetes

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28
Q

Phylum characterized by being obligate, intracellular parasites

A

Microsporidia

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29
Q

The body or vegetative structure of a fungus

A

Thallus

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30
Q

A tube with a rigid wall that contains a moving slug of protoplasm and only grows at the tip

A

Hyphae

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31
Q

A mat of hyphae

A

Mycelium

32
Q

The structure of a mold

A

A multicellular mass comprised of mycelia

33
Q

What is a yeast?

A

A single-celled, microscopic fungi

34
Q

The current model of hyphal growth

A

Actin motor proteins run along microtubule “tracks” to deliver vesicles from the rough ER and golgi to the plasma membrane at the apex, increasing the size of the membrane.

35
Q

The most common ancestor or both fungi and animals

A

Choanoflagellates

36
Q

The three crown eukaryotes

A

Animals, Fungi, and Plants

37
Q

Purpose of fungal spores

A

An efficient mechanism for dispersal for replication

38
Q

Fusion

A

Anastamosis

39
Q

How do nuclei migrate in hyphal fungi and in what direction do the go?

A

Nuclei migrate with the help of microtubules and they move towards the hyphal tip.

40
Q

How do fungi create tissue-like structures despite their limitation of growth in one direction?

A

Through branching and anastamosis

41
Q

When, in a growth curve, are fungus most likely to create spores:

A

the stationary phase

42
Q

dimorphic

A

“Two shaped”; many fungi that grow as yeasts have the ability to form true hyphae under the appropriate conditions.

43
Q

What distinguishes a germ tube from true hyphae

A

Germ tubes have a septum separating them from the mother cell. True hyphae do not have this.

44
Q

What is the major difference between yeast cell walls and hyphal cell walls

A

Yeast cell walls contain mannan on the outside, which filamentous fungi do not have

45
Q

What is a birth scar on the mother cell

A

it is the leftover primary septum that is left behind when the daughter cell pops off

46
Q

How do fission yeast divide?

A

fission yeast are cylindrical and develop their septum in the middle of the cell

47
Q

Most yeast are

A

ascomycetes

48
Q

Two examples of ascomycete yeasts

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans

49
Q

Name a yeast that is a basidiomycete

A

Cyrptococcus neoformans

50
Q

Chytrid rhizoids vs. hyphae

A

Rhizoids anchor the thallus to the substrate and do not contain nuclei or septa. Hyphae do have nuclei and septa.

51
Q

Three phyla considered “true chytrids”:

A

Chytridiomycetes, Blastocladiomycetes, Neocallimastigomycetes

52
Q

What is the defining characteristic of chytrids that no other fungi have

A

motile zoospores with a whip-like flagellum at the rear

53
Q

Where are chytridiomycetes found in nature

A

Moist soils and aquatic environments

54
Q

Three roles of Chytridiomycetes in nature

A

Decompose particulate organic matter, parasitic of plants and animals, and zoospores are food for zooplankton

55
Q

What are pseudopods

A

a secondary method of chytrid motility, the crawling is a searching behavior for food or a place to encyst.

56
Q

Chytrid that is parasitic of nematodes

A

Catenaria anguillulae

57
Q

Purpose of rhizoids in chytridiomycetes

A

Allow the fungus to attach to a substrate, secrete digestive enzymes, absorb nutrients, and have no nuclei

58
Q

The chytrid that causes wart disease in potatoes

A

Synchytrium endobioticum

59
Q

zygotic meiosis

A

identical haploid individuals fuse to form a diploid zygote, which susequently undergoes meiosis

60
Q

What distinguishes the HAPLOID infection in potato wart disease

A

A “summer spore” is formed, is not readily visible

61
Q

What distinguishes the DIPLOID infection in potato wart disease

A

A large “resting spore”, or wart, is formed

62
Q

The Chytridiomycete that is parasitic to frogs

A

Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis

63
Q

How does Batrachochytrium cause disease in frogs

A

the fungus colonizes the keratinized epithelium of frogs, causing a fatal inflammatory response

64
Q

What is the likely reservoir for Batrachochyrium

A

The larval stage of the amphibian

65
Q

Two examples of Chytridiomycetes

A

Synchytrium endobioticum and Catenaria anguillulae

66
Q

The phylum of Chytrids that undergoes SPORIC meiosis

A

Blastocladiomycetes

67
Q

Sporic meiosis

A

alternation of generations; Male and Female gametangia are formed, then fuse to form the diploid phase.

68
Q

How do male Allomyces find female Allomyces

A

The females secrete sirenin, which induces the males, who have sirenin receptors, to swim to them.

69
Q

Thick-walled Allomyces sporangia

A

undergo sporic meiosis, producing haploid zoospores

70
Q

Thin-walled Allomyces sporangia

A

Produce diploid zoospores that grow into more diploid thallus

71
Q

Example of a Blastocladiomycete

A

Allomyces arbusculus

72
Q

The defining characteristics of Neocallimastigomycetes

A

Polyflagellates, anaerobic, have a hydrogenosome to generate ATP

73
Q

Where are Neocallimastigomycetes found

A

in the stomachs of rumens

74
Q

What is a hydrogenosome

A

a degenerate mitochondria which generates ATP via fermentation, followed by NADH losing an electron to hydrogenase, converting it to NAD+

75
Q

What is the role of rhizoids in Neocallimastigomycetes

A

They penetrate plant material in the gut and secrete enzymes that efficiently break down cellulose

76
Q

How are neocallimastigomycetes passed from one animal to another

A

Through cysts in their feces

MYCOLOGY (7 decks)

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