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MYCOLOGY > Ectomycorrhiza > Flashcards

Ectomycorrhiza Flashcards

1
Q

What type of plants do ectomycorrhiza typically colonize

A

Trees, woody plants

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2
Q

What percentage of trees are colonized by ectomycorriza compared to plants colonized by endomycorrhiza

A

10% of trees colonized by ectomycorrhiza; 90% of plants colonized by endomycorrhiza

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3
Q

Which phyla of fungus form the majority of ectomycorrhizal relationships

A

Basidiomycetes

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4
Q

Which phyla of fungus form the majority of endomycorrhizal relationships

A

Ascomycetes

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5
Q

True or false: ectomycorrhiza penetrate the root cells of the plants that they colonize

A

false, they grow around and in between the cells

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6
Q

A loose weft of hyphae that is formed around the plant cell

A

Hartig net

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7
Q

Hyphae that are established outside of the root

A

Mantle

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8
Q

Characteristics of roots that are colonized by an ectomycorrhizal fungus

A

Different color, thicker, lots of dichotomous branching, no root hairs

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9
Q

Do ectomycorrhizal fungus show host specificity

A

No, they do not show a high degree of host specificity

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10
Q

Apoplast

A

the space in between the cells

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11
Q

What is delivered into the apoplast from the plant, then taken up by the fungus

A

Sucrose

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12
Q

What are harvested by the fungus from the environment, then delivered into the apoplast to be taken up by the plant

A

Phosphate, amino acids, and peptides

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13
Q

Why is the tree completely dependent on the fungus after colonization

A

Because the relationship results in the loss of root hairs and encasement of the feeder roots by the fungus, so all minerals that enter the root must enter through the hyphae

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14
Q

What percentage of a tree’s net photosynthate is allocated to the fungus

A

10%

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15
Q

What happens to fungi that are grown outside of the ectomycorrhizal relationship?

A

The do not fruit, grow poorly, and are unable to degrade cellulose (the principal diet of basidiomycetes)

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16
Q

How long is the typical life span of an ectomycorrhizal relationship

A

Three years

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17
Q

Two reasons why the ectomycorrhizal relationship eventually ends

A

The roots outgrow the fungus and the tree roots might be colonized by fungus that is better adapted to the new soil.

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18
Q

The interlocking network of fungi and plants that communicate through the fungal hyphae

A

the “wood-wide-web”

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19
Q

Three genera of Basidiomycetes that commonly form ectomycorrhizal relationships

A

Amanita, Boletus, and Tricholoma

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20
Q

Genus of Ascomycete that forms ectomycorrhizal relationships

A

Tuber

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21
Q

Genus of Zygomycete that forms ectomycorrhizal relationships

A

Endogone (VERY RARE)

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22
Q

A “menage a trois” network involving two plants and one fungus where one plant does not photosynthesize

A

Monotropoid mycorrhiza

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23
Q

Which features to monotropoid mycorrhiza and ectomycorrhiza share

A

A mantle and hartig net

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24
Q

A nutrient transfer hyphae that punctures the cell wall, but not the membrane.

A

fungal peg

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25
Q

What does the monotropic plant give to the fungus?

A

nothing

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26
Q

Where does the fungus in a monotropoid mycorrhiza get its carbohydrates

A

A photosynthesizing third party, usually a pine

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27
Q

Examples of the three participants in a monotropoid relationship

A

Monotropa (monotropic plant), Boletus (fungus), and Pinus (third party photosynthesizer)

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28
Q

Why are orchids completely dependent on fungi for the first 2-11 years of life

A

they go through a non-photosynthetic phase during this time

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29
Q

Why are orchids called “mycorrhizal cheaters”

A

They give nothing back to their fungal benefactor

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30
Q

The genus and phylum of the most common orchid mycorrhiza

A

Rhizoctonia spp. (Basidiomycete anamorph)

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31
Q

Why are orchid mycorrhiza considered endomycorrhiza

A

They have a hyphal structure that penetrates the plant cell wall, then degenerates after a few days

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32
Q

Peloton

A

a dense mass of coiled hyphae that invaginates the membrane within the cell wall of orchid root hairs

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33
Q

What is the typical lifespan of a peloton

A

a few days

34
Q

Why is the orchid mycorrhizal relationship thought to be still evolving

A

the fungus sometimes infects the orchid, killing the embryo, so it is a balancing act

35
Q

Mycorrhiza that has mantle and branches characteristic of ectomycorrhiza, but also penetrates the cell and forms a peloton.

A

Erecoid mycorrhiza

36
Q

What characteristics do Erecoid mycorrhiza and ectomycorrhiza share

A

they both have a mantle and branches

37
Q

Why are Erecoid mycorrhiza called “ectendo” mycorrhiza

A

They exhibit features of both ecto- and endomycorrhiza

38
Q

Why is it difficult to choose the proper ectomycorrhizal inoculant

A

a toxic species can cause illness/fatalaties or a desirable food species can be over-harvested

39
Q

Dog shit fungus

A

Pisolithus tinctorius, an earthball

40
Q

Lichen

A

a relationship between a fungus and an alga

41
Q

Mycobiont

A

the fungus, which is the dominant partner and determines the shape of the lichen

42
Q

Photobiont

A

the alga that lives and photosynthesizes within the fungal thallus, providing carbon compounds

43
Q

Which is the dominant partner in the lichen relationship

A

The fungus, which is 95% of the biomass

44
Q

Why are lichen considered “balanced parasitism”

A

The relationship is an exploitation by the fungs; the alga can live perfectly fine on its own but is captured by the fungal component

45
Q

What percentage of food synthesized by the alga is taken by the fungal hyphae

A

50%

46
Q

Unicellular alga component found in 80% of all lichen

A

Trebouxia

47
Q

Filamentous green algae that is a component in 10% of all lichen

A

Trentepohlia

48
Q

Cyanobacteria component found in 10% of all lichen

A

Nostoc

49
Q

What is the name of a lichen containing all three components

A

Lobaria

50
Q

What role does the cyanobacteria play in the lichen

A

It does nitrogen fixation

51
Q

Soredia

A

Little balls of hyphae-wrapped algae that serve as somatic propagules (reproductive structures)

52
Q

Cephalodium

A

The internal, brown clump of cyanobacteria

53
Q

Isidia

A

A finger-like growth containing both the photobiont and mycobiont components that grows up from the thallus and breaks off. (Somatic propagule)

54
Q

Podetia

A

Large, upright, branched structures that often have cups at the top that may bear soredia

55
Q

98% of the mycobiont components are

A

Ascomycetes

56
Q

Why are the sexual spores formed by lichens so strange

A

They do not contain an algal component, so they must find their own appropriate photobiont before they can start a new generation of lichen

57
Q

Many lichen are constantly resynthesized because

A

The are finding different alga to capture

58
Q

The fungal solution for finding an appropriate photobiont is:

A

Cleptobiosis

59
Q

Cleptobiosis

A

stealing a photobiont from another exhisting lichen

60
Q

Lichenicolous lichen

A

lichen that are growing on top of another because the top lichen has poached the photobiont from the bottom one

61
Q

A flask-shaped structure bearing conidia

A

pycnida

62
Q

Who determines a lichen’s shape

A

the fungal component

63
Q

Lichen that looks “painted on”

A

Crustose lichen

64
Q

Lichen with a lobed appearance

A

Folios

65
Q

Bush-like lichen

A

Fructiose

66
Q

Lichen with upturned scale-like squamules

A

Squamulose

67
Q

Loose, powdery, soredia-like material lacking an outer cortex and not producing fruiting bodies

A

Leprose

68
Q

What happens if a mycobiont is grown without a photobiont

A

It grows as an undifferentiated mass of hyphae

69
Q

Under what conditions will the fungus and the alga form lichen

A

When both parties are completely debilitated, the fungus will “embrace” the alga and the alga will “allow” itself to be co-opted.

70
Q

Cell wall proteins that polymerize via hydrophobic interactions, which make the lichen very hydrophobic

A

Hydrophobins

71
Q

A fungal feeding structure, similar to an arbuscule, that dimples the membrane but doesn’t puncture it

A

Haustoria

72
Q

A disaccharide that interacts with the membrane to create a liquid crystalline form when dehydrated and doesn’t leak when rehydrated

A

Trehalose

73
Q

How much do lichen grow per year and why

A

1-4 mm/year because they are dried for most of the year.

74
Q

How old is the oldest estimated lichen

A

4500 years old

75
Q

Measuring the diameter of the largest lichen species on a rock surface to determine how long the rock has been exposed

A

Lichenometry

76
Q

Which shape of lichen is the most useful to Lichenologists

A

Crustose, because it is the slowest grower

77
Q

What is the Hawksworth and Rose Lichen Scale used to measure

A

Air pollution

78
Q

Why are lichen so sensitive to air pollution

A

Lichen rely on rain to obtain minerals, but acid rain destroys lichen

79
Q

Three important roles that lichen play in nature

A

Food for animals, used as nests by birds, and soil formation

80
Q

Pedogenesis

A

Soil formation

81
Q

Cryptobiotic soil

A

soil that contains lichen with cyanobacteria, which provides the bulk of nitrogen fixation in an ecosystem

MYCOLOGY (7 decks)

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