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MYCOLOGY > MICROSPORIDIA, GLOMEROMYCETES, ZYGOMYCETES, ASCOMYCETES, AND BASIDIOMYCETES > Flashcards

MICROSPORIDIA, GLOMEROMYCETES, ZYGOMYCETES, ASCOMYCETES, AND BASIDIOMYCETES Flashcards

1
Q

Microsporidia are believed to be derived from:

A

a reduced chytrid that has become endoparasitic

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2
Q

Microsporidia lack:

A

mitochondria, flagella, peroxisomes, and centrioles

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3
Q

What is a mitosome

A

a degenerate mitochondria that steals it’s ATP

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4
Q

How large is the microsporidia genome compared to Escherichia coli

A

Microsporidia: 2.9 mbp and 2000 genes

E. coli: 4.4 mbp and 4600 genes

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5
Q

Hypertrophic growth, caused by creating massive rhizoid structures within the host cell

A

Xenoma

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6
Q

The Microsporidian that infects honey bees

A

Nosema apis

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7
Q

What happens when a honey bee is infected with Nosema apis

A

it will experience swelling in their gut, followed by the guts evacuating their body and death.

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8
Q

The most common Microsporidian that infects humans

A

Enterocytozoon bieneusi

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9
Q

The most common symptom and the second most common body part affected by microsporidiosis in humans

A

Diarrhea and the eyes

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10
Q

Fungi with a mutualistic relationship with roots

A

Mycorrhiza

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11
Q

Two types of mycorrhiza

A

Endotrophic and Ectotrophic

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12
Q

The tree-like structure of fungus that forms within the root cell

A

Arbuscule

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13
Q

What percentage of roots form endomycorrhizal relationships compared to the number of AM fungi

A

90% of land plants form endomycorrhizal relationships, but most fungi are NOT mycorrhizal

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14
Q

Extramatrical hyphae

A

hyphae that are formed outside of the root; uptake nutrients from the soil

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15
Q

Intramatrical fungi

A

form inside the root; deliver nutrients to the plant and take up carbon from the plant

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16
Q

Chlamydospore

A

thick-walled hyphal cells that function like spores

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17
Q

What is known about the sexual stage for Glomeromycetes

A

No known sexual stage has been seen, but the genes that control meiosis have been found, so it may be present in nature

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18
Q

Procedure to visualize AM fungi

A

treat them with a strong alkali, then staining them with trypan blue

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19
Q

The largest genus of Glomeromycetes

A

Glomus spp.

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20
Q

The formation of arbuscules does not rupture the root cell because:

A

the membrane of the plant cell is moved aside and invaginates the fungus

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21
Q

What is the average lifespan of an arbuscule

A

4 - 25 days

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22
Q

The fungus provides the plant with:

A

Phosphate and other mineral nutrients

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23
Q

The plant provides the fungus with:

A

reduced carbon

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24
Q

When trying to grow Glomeromycetes axenically, the spore :

A

germinates and dies

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25
Q

The number of spores in agricultural soil

A

86 spores/gram

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26
Q

The number of spores in pot culture

A

300 spores/gram

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27
Q

Multicellular structure on which spore-producing structures are borne; has roughly 7 million spores each.

A

Sporocarp

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28
Q

Host specificity in AM fungi

A

Very little, so AM fungi can be introduced to most plants and stand a chance a mutualism

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29
Q

The most commercially viable method of cultivating AM fungi

A

grinding up already colonized roots

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30
Q

Problems with commercialization of AM fungi

A

No long term storage method, difficult to assess efficacy of AM fungi, no sure way of delivering inoculum

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31
Q

Greek for “joining” or “yoke”

A

Zygos

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32
Q

Zygomycetes likely arose from

A

chytrids

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33
Q

Zygomycetes gave rise to:

A

Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes

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34
Q

The fusion of two hyphal branches forms:

A

Gametangia

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35
Q

Homothallic

A

One type of thallus, very rare

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36
Q

Heterothallic

A

two types of thallus

37
Q

Plasmogamy

A

wall fusion

38
Q

karyogamy

A

fusion of the nuclei

39
Q

Mating type

A

Several specimens with different incomplete pathways for synthesizing trisporic acid. Each specimen is looking for someone to complete their pathway.

40
Q

Sexual phase

A

Telomorphic phase

41
Q

Asexual phase

A

anamorphic phase

42
Q

The structure that bears the sexual spores in zygomycetes

A

Zygosporangium

43
Q

When does a zygosporangium form

A

When the walls of the hyphae fuse (plasmogamy) and their contents mix

44
Q

Black bread mold; causes mucormycosis in imunocompromised humans and soft rot on fruit

A

Rhizopus stolonifer

45
Q

The spore-bearing structure where spores are formed via MITOSIS; makes asexual spores.

A

Mitosporangium

46
Q

Sporangiospore

A

asexual spore

47
Q

Sporangiophore

A

spore-bearing structure

48
Q

The telomorphic phase beneficial because

A

genetic recombination happens here, giving the specimen greater fitness.

49
Q

Example of a zygomycete

A

Rhizopus stolonifer

50
Q

Greek for leather bottle, bladder, or sac.

51
Q

Ascospore

A

A spore produced inside of an ascus. Undergoes meiosis, then mitosis, resulting in 8 spores rather than four.

52
Q

Ascus

A

the sexual spore-bearing sac, usually contains 8 ascospores

53
Q

The multicellular structure that bears the ascus

54
Q

Where is Ascobolus stercorarius found in nature

55
Q

What kind of ascoma does Ascobolus stercorarius have

A

Apothecial

56
Q

A unique nuclear phenomenon where compatible nuclei are brought together following anastamosis, but do not fuse immediately to form a diploid zygote.

57
Q

ascogenous hyphae

A

hyphae with dikaryotic nuclei

58
Q

crozier

A

a hyphal hook; how asci are formed

59
Q

How many spores are typically found in the asci of ascomycetes

A

Eight; the spores first undergo meiosis, followed by mitosis.

60
Q

Why does the formation of dikaryon confer evolutionary advantage over immediate fusion

A

Two compatible fungi finding each other is a rare event. Therefore, when it does happen, replication as a dikaryon many times over multiplies the effect of this blessed event.

61
Q

Four types of ascoma

A

Apothecial, cleistothecial, pseudothecial, perithecial

62
Q

Four major types of asci

A

Unitunicate-operculate, Unitunicate-inoperuclate, Prototunicate, Bitunicate

63
Q

Genus and species of Morel

A

Morchella escuelenta

64
Q

Genus and species of black truffle

A

Tuber melanosporum

65
Q

Hymenium

A

spore-forming tissue

66
Q

Asexual spores of the ascomycetes

67
Q

Conidia are borne on exposed conidiophores, never closed. Ex: Aspergillus

A

Hyphomycete

68
Q

Conidia are formed in an enclosed conidiomata. Ex: Cryphonectria parasitica

A

Coelomycetes

69
Q

Two major types of blastic conidia

A

Blastic annellidic (little rings) and Blastic Phialidic (bowling pins)

70
Q

Two major types of thallic conidia

A

Thallic artric (jointed) and Thallic solitary

71
Q

“Fungi imperfecti”; fungi for which sexual reproduction has not been observed

A

Deuteromycetes

72
Q

Three examples of Ascomycetes:

A

Ascobolus, Aspergillus, and Penicillium

73
Q

Latin for “basis”

74
Q

Ascomycete and Basidiomycete similarities

A

Chitinous walls, hyphae, septa, septal pore, form anastamoses, form dikaryon

75
Q

Ascomycete septal pore

A

has a woronin body to plug the pore if the hyphae is damaged

76
Q

Basidiomycete septal pore

A

Barrel-shaped dolipore covered on both sides with a membranous cap called a parenthesome

77
Q

Why can’t nuclei migrate through the septal pore in basidiomycetes

A

because the parenthesome prevents migration

78
Q

The trigger for ascomycetes to undergo karyogamy

A

the length of the ascogenous hyphae

79
Q

Basidiomycetes can remain dikaryotic for

80
Q

The fruiting body of the fungi

A

Badidiocarp

81
Q

Shoots basidiospores from exposed hymenia

A

hymenomycete (Ex: mushrooms, agarics, bracket fungi)

82
Q

Do NOT shoot their basidiospores

A

Gastromycetes (EX: puffballs, earthballs, earth stars, birds nest fungi, stinkhorns)

83
Q

A protective layer of hyphae that forms around the developing fungal structure

A

Universal veil

84
Q

An additional protective layer of hyphae that forms from the pileus to the stipe, covering the hymenium

A

Partial veil

85
Q

Basidium

A

Where sexual spores are formed in basidiomycetes; arises from the terminal cell of the hymenium.

86
Q

Four tapered, tiny outgrowths that form on the basidium. The spores form on the tips of these.

A

Sterigmata

87
Q

Where do spores develop in badidiomycetes

A

Outside, on the tips of the sterigmata

88
Q

Oidia

A

Arthrodonidia; haploid hyphae which are fragmented and can grow and reproduce asexually

89
Q

Asexual reproduction of basidiomycetes can happen two ways

A

With oidia or chlamydospores

MYCOLOGY (7 decks)

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