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MYCOLOGY > Medical Mycology > Flashcards

Medical Mycology Flashcards

1
Q

Fungal infections of the skin, hair, and nails

A

Dermatophytoses

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2
Q

Latin for “worm”

A

Tinea

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3
Q

Three sources of dermatophytoses

A

Geophillic, Zoophillic, Anthrophillic

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4
Q

Geophillic dermatophytoses

A

From soil; inflamatory, severe, and short duration

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5
Q

Zoophilic dermatophytoses

A

From animals; inflamatory, severe, and short duration

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6
Q

Anthrophillic dermatophytoses

A

Only grow on humans; non-inflamatory, mild, and chronic.

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7
Q

Three genera of Ascomycetes that cause dermatophytoses

A

Epidermophyton, Microsporum, and Trichophyton

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8
Q

Epidermophyton

A

Skin and rarely nails, NOT hair

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9
Q

Microsporum

A

Hair and skin, NOT nails

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10
Q

Trichophyton

A

Hair, skin, and nails

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11
Q

Ringworm of the scalp

A

Tinea capitis; infection from small animals, theater seats, and barber tools

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12
Q

Jock itch

A

Tinea cruris; spread by shared bathing facilities or through contact with other lesions

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13
Q

Athlete’s foot

A

Tinea pedis; Usually spread by bare feet in gyms and locker rooms

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14
Q

Nail fungus (onychomycosis)

A

Tinea unguium

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15
Q

Onychomycosis

A

nail fungus; spread by pedicure tools

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16
Q

The demographic most commonly affected by onychomycosis

A

The elderly

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17
Q

What kind of treatments are available for most dermatophytes

A

Most treatments are topical, with the exception being nail fungus which is oral

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18
Q

Ringworm of the body

A

Tinea corporis

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19
Q

Geophillic and zoophillic Tinea corporis infection symptoms

A

Vesicles and pustules on skin

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20
Q

Anthrophillic Tinea corporis infection symptom

A

“topographical map” appearance with an area of central clearing

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21
Q

The populations most likely to contract Tinea coproris

A

The immunosuppressed, people with outdoor occupations, people who work closely with animals, and people who play contact sports

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22
Q

Ringworm of the beard genus, species, transmission and treatment

A

Tinea barbae, transmitted via razors in barber shops and animals. Requires oral antifungals

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23
Q

Methods for diagnosing dermatophytoses

A

Wood’s light, scraping + KOH treatment, and culture on Sabouraud’s Dextrose agar

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24
Q

What is a “wood’s light”

A

A UV light used to diagnose dermatophytes, which fluoresce

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25
Q

The media most commonly used to grow fungal cultures

A

Sabouraud’s Dextrose agar

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26
Q

How do dermatophytes grow in tissue

A

as hyphae

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27
Q

How are organisms that cause dermatophytoses identified

A

by morphology of conidia and colony color

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28
Q

How are people usually infected by subcutaneous mycoses

A

By walking around barefoot and having skin punctured by something with spores on it

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29
Q

What is the classification of most subcutaneous mycoses

A

Saprophytic ascomycetes

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30
Q

Three types of subcutaneous mycoses

A

Chromoblastomycosis, Mycetoma, and Sporotrichosis

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31
Q

Chronic nodular, warty lesions on lower extremities

A

Chromoblastomycosis

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32
Q

Madura foot with osteolytic changes

A

Mycetoma

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33
Q

Ulcerous lesions that spread lymphatically

A

Sporotrichosis

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34
Q

The most common fungus that causes Chromoblastomycosis

A

Fonsecaea pedrosoi

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35
Q

Population most likely to contract chromoblastomycosis

A

barefoot people in hot, dry areas of Mexico and South America

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36
Q

Symptoms of Chromoblastomycosis

A

Nodular, verrucous lesions that resemble cauliflower, usually on lower extremities

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37
Q

Dematiaceous

A

black pigmented

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38
Q

Treatment for Chromoblastomycosis

A

Nonexistent. Surgery to remove lesions is 30-50% effective

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39
Q

Fonsecaea pedrosoi grows which way in soil and which way in tissue

A

filamentous bodies in soil, yeast (sclerotic bodies) in tissue

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40
Q

Fungus that is most common cause of mycetoma

A

Madurella mycetomatis

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41
Q

Symptoms of Madura foot

A

Tumors, draining sinuses with black granules containing compacted hyphal bodies, destructive to adjacent tissues and bone

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42
Q

Population most likely to contract Madura foot

A

people walking barefoot in hot, dry areas with low rainfall

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43
Q

How does Madurella mycetomatis grow in soil versus in tissue

A

It grows as grains of compacted hyphal colonies both in tissue and in culture

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44
Q

Recommended treatment for Madura foot

A

Treatment with antifungals for 6 months, then surgery

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45
Q

The fungus that causes sporotrichosis

A

Sporothrix schenkii

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46
Q

Thermally dimorphic

A

the fungus grows as a saprophytic mold at 25 degrees Celsius and as a parasitic yeast at 37 degrees celsius

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47
Q

Symptoms of sporotrichosis

A

Begins as a nodule that opens to a draining sinus, moves up the body through the lymphatic system, making an archipelago of new nodules and sinuses

48
Q

Treatment for Sporotrichosis

A

Supersaturated KI solution in increasing doses 3x daily is 90% effective OR oral antifungals

49
Q

Four systemic mycoses (all ascomycetes)

A

Histoplasmosis, Blastomycosis, Coccidioidomycosis, Paracoccidioidomycosis

50
Q

The most common endemic mycosis in the U.S.

A

Histoplasmosis

51
Q

The fungus that causes Histoplasmosis

A

Histoplasma capsulatum

52
Q

Where is Histoplasmosis most common

A

The Ohio-Mississippi river valley, where there are a lot of starlings

53
Q

How does Histoplasma capsulatum grow in the lungs versus in the environment

A

Grows as a yeast in the lungs, as hypha with spiny macroconidia in the environment

54
Q

How someone gets infected with Histoplasma capsulatum

A

Inhaling the infectious microconidia

55
Q

Two symptoms of Histoplastmosis

A

Capsules in the lung; tuberculosis-like symptoms

56
Q

Two diagnostic tools commonly used for Histoplasmosis

A

Chest x-rays and skin tests w/histoplasmin

57
Q

How do immunocompromised people fare with Histoplasmosis

A

They do not clear it on their own

58
Q

The fungus that causes Blastomycosis

A

Blastomyces dermatitidis

59
Q

Where is Blastomycosis endemic

A

the Eastern United States

60
Q

Symptoms of Blastomycosis

A

Pneumonia, cutaneous lesions on skin

61
Q

How do the immunocompromised fare with Blastomycosis

A

They do not clear it without antifungals

62
Q

What is the most endemic mycosis in the United States

A

Coccidioidomycosis

63
Q

The fungus that causes Coccidioidomycosis

A

Coccidioides immitis

64
Q

How does coccidioidomycosis grow in the environment versus in tissue

A

Grows as hyphae with arthroconidia in the environment and as sporangia in the lungs

65
Q

Fungus that causes Valley Fever

A

Coccicidioides immitis

66
Q

Where is Valley Fever endemic

A

The lower Sonoran life zone

67
Q

Symptoms of Valley Fever

A

Pneumonia; 5% develop lung nodules, which can spread to all organs of the body, skin, bones, joints, and meninges

68
Q

Valley Fever: Healthy people vs Immunocompromised

A

In healthy people, usually resolves spontaneously; in immunocompromised, disseminated coccidioidomycosis develops

69
Q

Diagnostic tests for Valley Fever

A

Chest x-ray and skin test

70
Q

The fungus that causes paracoccidioidomycosis

A

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

71
Q

How does Paracoccidioides brasiliensis grow in tissue versus in the environment

A

In tissue, grows as a waxy yeast colony. In the environment, grows as a mold colony

72
Q

What is indicative of a paracoccidioidomycosis infection

A

The “ship’s wheel” yeast

73
Q

Where do Paracoccidioidomycosis infections usually occur

A

Latin America, 80% of cases found in Brazil

74
Q

Symptoms of Paracoccidioidomycosis

A

Lung problems, grossly deforming lesions on mucous membranes of mouth, nose and GI tract

75
Q

How is Paracoccidioidomycosis treated

A

A combination of fungistatic drugs and sulfonamides

76
Q

Opportunistic mycoses

A

Fungi that only cause disease in debilitated patients

77
Q

Basidiomycete anamorphic that causes cryptococcosis

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

78
Q

Two virulence factors for Cryptococcus neoformans

A

The polysaccharide capsule (key factor) and melanin that resists killing oxidation produced by phagocytes

79
Q

Where is Cryptococcus neoformans found

A

in pigeon poop

80
Q

How someone becomes infected with Cryptococcus neoformans

A

Inhaling the basidiospore and yeast

81
Q

How does an infection with Cryptococcus neoformans manifest in immunocompromised

A

Cryptococcal meningitis and skin lesions

82
Q

Ascomycete anamorphic that is the major fungal pathogen of man

A

Candida albicans

83
Q

How does Candida albicans grow in the body

A

As a commensal yeast and/or a parasitic mold

84
Q

The first “red flag” disease for HIV that appears

A

Oral candidiasis (thrush)

85
Q

A fungus that is part of the normal flora of the mouth, GI tract, skin, and vagina

A

Candida albicans

86
Q

Symptoms of chronic mucocutaneous candidiases

A

multiple infections with Candida albicans which result in disfiguring granulomas

87
Q

What is the treatment for chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis

A

there is no treatment

88
Q

Ascomycete that causes pneumocystis pneumonia

A

Pneumocystis jiroveci

89
Q

Where in the world is Pneumocystis jiroveci found

A

Everywhere!

90
Q

Symptoms of Pneumocystis pneumonia

A

diffuse pneumonia

91
Q

Treatment for pneumocystis pneumonia

A

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

92
Q

Why are most antifungals ineffective against Pneumocystis

A

It lacks ergosterol, which is the target of most antifungals

93
Q

How is Pneumocystis pneumonia diagnosed

A

Collecting samples via broncoalveolar lavage, then examining them for folded, saggy asci

94
Q

Group of fungal infections caused by a variety of zygomycete molds

A

Mucormycosis

95
Q

The most common cause of mucormycosis (zygomycete)

A

Rhizopus oryzae

96
Q

Symptoms of mucormycosis

A

Rapid onset of tissue necrosis

97
Q

Two populations of patients at risk for developing mucormycosis

A

Burn patients and patients with diabetic ketoacidosis

98
Q

How does mucormycosis grow in tissue

A

it grows as hyphae

99
Q

Treatment options for mucormycosis

A

Surgical removal of the entire infected area. The high doses of the antifungals required to treat this are highly nephrotoxic

100
Q

The fungus that most commonly causes Aspergillosis

A

Aspergillus fumigatus

101
Q

Fungus ball

A

a “ball” of fungal hyphae

102
Q

Aspergilloma

A

a fungus ball

103
Q

How serious is disseminated aspergillosis

A

95% fatal

104
Q

Griseofulvin

A

Interferes with microtubule assembly, inhibiting hyphal growth and mitosis

105
Q

Terbinafine

A

Inhibits ergosterol synthesis

106
Q

Azoles

A

Ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors

107
Q

Polyenes

A

binds to ergosterols to rearrange them to form a hydrophilic pore

108
Q

5-Fluorocytosine

A

Blocks DNA synthesis

109
Q

Echinocandins

A

inhibit gluten synthase, so osmotic integrity is lost

110
Q

Limitations of griseofulvin and terbinofines

A

only work on dermatophytes and keratinized tissues

111
Q

Problem with azoles

A

Resistance: some fungi exclude the uptake of azaleas, develop altered membranes, or alter the binding site

112
Q

Problems with polyenes

A

toxicity

113
Q

Problems most encountered with 5-fluorocytosine

A

Resistance develops quickly

114
Q

What are Echinocandins

A

Fungal secondary metabolites

115
Q

What shape are echinocandins

A

cyclic hexapeptide core with a lipid side chain

MYCOLOGY (7 decks)

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