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Genetics > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Prevalent alleles in a population are termed..

A

Wild-type alleles

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2
Q

___ ___ can produce more than one wild-type in large populations.

A

Genetic polymorphism

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3
Q

Alleles that have been altered by mutation are termed..

A

Mutant alleles

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4
Q

Gain-of-function

A

Protein encoded by the mutant gene is changed so it gains a new or abnormal function

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5
Q

Dominant-negative

A

Protein encoded by the mutant gene acts antagonistically to the normal protein

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6
Q

Haploinsufficiency

A

Loss of function

Heterozygote does not make enough product to give the wild type phenotype

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7
Q

Incomplete penetrance

A

In some instances, a dominant allele does not influence the outcome of a trait in a heterozygote individual

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8
Q

Expressivity

A

The degree to which a trait is expressed

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9
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

The heterozygote exhibits a phenotype that is intermediate between the corresponding homozygotes

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10
Q

Overdominance

A

Heterozygote is more vigorous than both of the corresponding homozygotes

Heterozygote advantage

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11
Q

At the molecular level, overdominance is due to..

A

Two alleles that produce slightly different proteins

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12
Q

Three possible explanations for overdominance at the molecular level

A
  1. Disease resistance
  2. Homodimer formation
  3. Variation in functional activity
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13
Q

Type O blood people can only accept what type of blood?

A

Type O

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14
Q

Who can type O blood donate to?

A

Anyone

Universal donor

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15
Q

Sex-linked genes

A

Found on one of the two types of sex chromosomes, but not both

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16
Q

Pseudoautosomal inheritance

A

Very few genes found on both X and Y chromosomes

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17
Q

Sex-influenced traits

A

Involve an allele that is dominant in one sex but recessive in the opposite sex

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18
Q

Lethal allele

A

One that has the potential to cause of death of an organism

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19
Q

Essential genes

A

Those that are absolutely required for survival

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20
Q

Nonessential genes

A

Those not absolutely required for survival

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21
Q

Conditional lethal alleles

A

May kill an organism only when certain environmental conditions prevail

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22
Q

Semilethal alleles

A

Kill some individuals in a population, not all of them

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23
Q

Pleiotrophy

A

Multiple effects of a single gene on the phenotype of an organism

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24
Q

Gene interactions

A

Occur when two or more different genes influence the outcome of a single trait

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25
Q

Epistasis

A

When the alleles of one gene mask the phenotypic effects of the alleles of another

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26
Q

Gene knockout

A

Geneticists have developed techniques to directly generate loss-of-function alleles

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27
Q

Maternal effect

A

An inheritance pattern for certain nuclear genes in which the genotype of the mother directly determines the phenotype of her offspring

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28
Q

Maternal effect and epigenetic inheritance involves..

A

Genes in the nucleus

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29
Q

Extranuclear inheritance involves..

A

Genes in organelles other than the nucleus

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30
Q

The non-Mendelian inheritance pattern of maternal effect genes can be explained by the process of ___ in female animals.

A

Oogenesis

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31
Q

Epigenetic inheritance

A

A pattern in which a modification occurs to a nuclear gene or chromosome that alters gene expression

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32
Q

Lyon hypothesis

A

Mechanism of X inactivation

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33
Q

The process of X inactivation can be divided into 3 stages:

A

Initiation
Spreading
Maintenance

34
Q

Initiation

A

One of the X chromosomes is targeted for inactivation

35
Q

Spreading

A

The chosen X chromosome is inactivated

36
Q

Maintenance

A

The inactivated X chromosome is maintained as such during future cell divisions

37
Q

Genomic imprinting

A

A phenomenon in which a segment of DNA is marked and the effect is maintained throughout the life of the organism inheriting the marked DNA

38
Q

Monoallelic expression

A

Depending on how the genes are marked, the offspring expressed either the maternally-inherited or the paternally-inherited allele

39
Q

Three stages of imprinting

A
  1. Establishment of the imprint during gametogenisis
  2. Maintenance of the imprint during embryogenesis and in the adult somatic cells
  3. Erasure and reestablishment of the imprint in the germ cells
40
Q

Genomic imprinting must involve a ___ ___.

A

Marking process

41
Q

Genomic imprinting is permanent in the somatic cells of an ___ animal.

A

Individual

42
Q

Extranuclear inheritance

A

Inheritance patterns involving genetic material outside the nucleus

43
Q

The genetic material of mitochondria and chloroplasts is located in a region called the ___.

A

Nucleoid

44
Q

The genome is composed of a single chromosome containing..

A

Double-stranded DNA

45
Q

The two most important examples are due to genetic material with what two organelles?

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

46
Q

The main function of choroplasts is ___

A

Photosynthesis

47
Q

Species with maternal inheritance may, on occasion, exhibit ___ ___.

A

Paternal leakage

48
Q

Paternal leakage

A

The paternal parent occasionally provides mitochondria through the sperm

49
Q

Heteroplasmy

A

Important factor in mitochondrial disease

50
Q

Endosymbiosis theory

A

Describes the evolutionary origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts

51
Q

Bacteria reproduce ___

A

Asexually

52
Q

Genetic transfer

A

A segment of bacterial DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another

53
Q

Bacteriophages

A

Viruses that infect bacteria

54
Q

Transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another can occur in 3 ways:

A

Conjugation
Transduction
Transformation

55
Q

Conjugation

A

Involves direct physical contact

56
Q

Transduction

A

Involves viruses

57
Q

Transformation

A

Involves uptake of genes from the environment

58
Q

Auxotrophs

A

Cannot synthesize a needed nutrient

59
Q

Prototrophs

A

Make all their nutrients from basic components

60
Q

Genetic transfer in bacteria was discovered by who?

A

Lederberg and Tatum

61
Q

U-tube

A

Large enough to allow the passage of the genetic material but small enough to prevent the passage of bacterial cells

62
Q

Fertility plasmids

A

Allow conjugation

63
Q

Resistance plasmids

A

Contain genes conferring resistance to antibiotics

64
Q

Degradative plasmids

A

Carry genes allowing digestion of unusual substances

65
Q

Col-plasmids

A

Contain genes for colicins, proteins that kill other bacteria

66
Q

Virulence plasmids

A

Carry genes that turn bacterium into pathogenic strains

67
Q

The ___ of ___ of the integrated F factor determines the starting point and direction of the transfer process.

A

Origin of transfer

68
Q

thr+

A

Able to synthesize the essential amino acid threonine

69
Q

leu+

A

Able to synthesize the essential amino acid leucine

70
Q

azi^s

A

Sensitive to killing by azide

71
Q

ton^s

A

Sensitive to infection by T1

72
Q

lac+

A

Able to metabolize lactose and use it for growth

73
Q

gal+

A

Able to metabolize galactose and use it for growth

74
Q

str^s

A

Sensitive to killing by streptomycin

75
Q

Cotransduction

A

The packaging and transfer of two closely-linked genes

76
Q

Cotransduction frequency

A

(1-d/L)^3

77
Q

Natural transformation

A

DNA uptake occurs without outside help

78
Q

Artificial transformation

A

DNA uptake occurs with the help of special techniques

79
Q

Competent cells

A

Bacterial cells able to take up DNA

80
Q

“Illegitimate” recombination

A

The DNA that enters the cell is not homologous to any genes on the host chromosome

Genetics (27 decks)

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