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Genetics > Ch. 2 Connect > Flashcards

Ch. 2 Connect Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

If an organism has identical alleles for a given trait is it said to be ___.

A

Homozygous

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2
Q

What information can be obtained from a human pedigree?

A
  • how a gene is inherited

- a family history of genetic traits

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3
Q

The gamete possibilities of an organism with the genotype Tt are ___ and ___.

A

T, t

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4
Q

Unfilled circle

A

Unaffected female

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5
Q

Filled circle

A

Affected female

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6
Q

Half filled circle

A

Heterozygous female

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7
Q

Circle with line through it

A

Deceased female

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8
Q

A Punnett square is a tool that can be used to predict the expected ratios of a generic cross

A
  • determine the genotype of each parent
  • list all of the gamete possibilities from each parent
  • create a Punnett square with the gametes of each parent listed across the top or side of each column or row
  • determine possible offspring genotype last by filling in the empty boxes with the symbol across the top or side of each column or row
  • analyze the relative proportion of each genotype and phenotype of the offspring
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9
Q

When flipping a coin, what is the probability of the coin landing with the head side up?

A

50%

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10
Q

A tall pea plant is crossed with a short pea plant. What type of cross is this?

A
  • single-factor cross

- monohybrid cross

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11
Q

What is the term to describe the basic unit of heredity that influences an organism’s traits?

A

Gene

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12
Q

Father of genetics

A

Gregor Mendel

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13
Q

What term describes the outward expression or observable characteristics of a gene?

A

Phenotype

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14
Q

A pea plant will have green seeds if it has at least one green allele in its genome. A plant will have yellow seeds only if it has two alleles for the yellow seed phenotype. What conclusions can be drawn based on this information?

A
  • a plant that has a green allele and yellow allele will likely have green seeds
  • yellow seeds are recessive to green seeds
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15
Q

List the steps that would be used to predict the outcome of a genetic cross with the binomial expansion equation in the correct order

A
  • calculate the individual probabilities of an event occurring
  • determine the number of outcomes in a category
  • substitute the values of p, q, x, and n in the binomial expansion equation
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16
Q

The product rule can be used to..

A

Predict the probability of independent events

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17
Q

When there is a deviation between the observed and expected outcomes it is called random ___

A

Sampling error

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18
Q

What term is used to describe the offspring of a genetic cross between organisms with distinctly different traits for a particular character?

A

Hybrid

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19
Q

Which of the following would be classified as the P generation?

A

True-breeding parents that are crossed

20
Q

What is the term that describes an alternative form of a gene?

A

Allele

21
Q

What is the expected phenotypic ratio when a plant that is heterozygous for two traits is allowed to self fertilize?

A

9:3:3:1

22
Q

A tall pea plant with purple flowers is crossed with a short pea plant with white flowers. What type of cross is this?

A

Two-factor cross

Dihybrid cross

23
Q

What term describes the combination of alleles an individual has?

A

Genotype

24
Q

Based on Mendel’s law of independent assortment, an organism with the genotype AaBb should form gametes with which of the following ratios?

A

1 AB: 1 Ab : 1 aB : 1 ab

25
Q

Which of the following are examples of a true-breeding strain?

A
  • a strain of talk plants with purple flowers that have produced the same phenotype for several generations
  • strain of short plants whose parents and grandparents were all short
26
Q

If a genetic study began with your grandparents, which generation would represent you and your siblings?

A

F2

27
Q

List the steps that would be used to analyze a genetic cross with the chi square test.

A
  • propose a hypothesis to calculate the expected value based on Mendel’s laws
  • calculate the expected values of the phenotypes
  • apply the chi square formula using the expected values
  • interpret the expected chi square value using a chi square table
28
Q

Select all of the reasons that the common garden pea, Pisum sativum, was an ideal species to study genetic crosses.

A
  • the plants could be self-fertilized
  • the plant has distinct varieties
  • cross pollination was simple due to the large flower size
29
Q

Self-fertilization is a cross in which…

A

The pollen and egg come from the same plant

30
Q

A Tt pea plant will be tall. The symbol Tt represents the plants ___

A

Genotype

31
Q

An organism that has two different alleles for a single trait is ___

A

Heterozygous

32
Q

When analyzing genetic crosses using the laws of probability, the sum of all independent events occurring must add up to..

A

100%

33
Q

In pea plants yellow seeds are dominant to green seeds. If the letters “Y” and “y” denote the two alleles of this gene, what is the genotype of a plant with green seeds?

A

yy

34
Q

Why was the common garden pea an ideal specimen to study genetic cross?

A

True breeding with two distinct genotypes and phenotypes

35
Q

A trait that is expressed with a single allele is ___

A

Dominant

36
Q

Which of the following represent heterozygous genotypes?

A

Cc

BbCc

37
Q

A tall pea plant is crossed with a short pea plant. What type of cross is this?

A

Monohybrid cross

Single-factor cross

38
Q

___ refers to the likelihood that an event will occur

A

Probability

39
Q

Which operation of probability should be used to analyze genetic crosses in which the problem has an unordered combination of outcomes?

A

Binomial expansion

40
Q

True regarding recessive inheritance

A
  • all offspring of two affected individuals will be affected

- two heterozygotes will generally have affected offspring 25% of the time

41
Q

List the events of pollination

A
  • sperm are produced in pollen grains and eggs are formed in the ovules
  • pollen grain lands on stigma
  • pollen tube forms
  • sperm travel to ehh where fertilization occurs
  • second sperm fuses with central cell containing polar nuclei to create the endosperm
42
Q

A tomato plant produces fruit with red and green stripes on the skin. The skin color and pattern describe the ___ of the tomato

A

Phenotype

43
Q

The genotype AAbbCCdd is

A

Homozygous

44
Q

In pea plants yellow seeds are dominant to green seeds. What are the possible genotypes of a plant with yellow seeds?

A

YY

Yy

45
Q

The gamete possibilities of an organism with the genotype Tt are ___ and ___.

A

T

t

46
Q

A cross in which the pollen and egg come from different plants is called ___

A

Cross fertilization

47
Q

A hypothesis used to predict results is called…

A

A null hypothesis

Genetics (27 decks)

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