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Individual and Society > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does anthropology study?

A

The science of human biological variation, and human ancestry.

VARIATION AND ANCESTRY.

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2
Q

What perspectives make up anthropology?

A

Holistic, relativistic, comparative, and bio cultural.

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3
Q

What is a socio-cultural system?

A

Human population existing within a particular ecological context.

Ecological: relation of living organisms to one another and their physical surroundings.

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4
Q

What are some of the variables that are associated with the composition of a population?

A

Fertility rates, mortality and morbidity rates, and migration rates.

FM^3=population composition variables.

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5
Q

What is demography?

A

Study of Population Characteristics.

This is also the specialty of MANY social scientists.

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6
Q

What are subsistence strategies?

A

Means of obtaining food.

How do people obtain food?

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7
Q

What are some variables that influence subsistence strategies?

A

Environment, economy, technology, history, and ideology.

H.I.T.E.E

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8
Q

What is religion?

A

Symbols that power MOODS and MOTIVATIONS in people.

Beliefs about “transcendent experiences.”

Transcendent: beyond the range of normal physical human experience.

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9
Q

What are the components of religion?

A

Specialists, myths, and rituals.

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10
Q

What is technology?

A

Techniques for:

  1. ) modifying the environment
  2. ) sustaining life.

This consists of BOTH materials AND knowledge.

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11
Q

What is technology used to produce?

A

Goods and services. ECONOMY

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12
Q

What is economy?

A

Social relationships that organize the PRODUCTION, EXCHANGE, and CONSUMPTION of goods and services.

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13
Q

What is social structure?

A

PATTERNS of human relationships that provide:

1.) framework for all societies.

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14
Q

What are the components of social structure?

A

Kinship, division of labor, marriage, and status.

K.D.M.S

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15
Q

Political Organization:

A

POWER and AUTHORITY used to maintain social order.

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16
Q

What are the types of sociopolitical systems?

A

Bands, tribes, chiefdoms, and states.

AGRARIAN: cultivated land or the cultivation of land.

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17
Q

What are bands?

A
  1. ) oldest type of socio-political structure

2. ) exist in extreme environments.

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18
Q

How are bands connected?

A
  1. ) Genetic and marital kinship

2. ) SUBSISTENCE STRATEGY: foraging (low density and highly mobile).

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19
Q

Are leaders in bands all-powerful?

A

NO.

MANAGERS that are based on rules of SUCCESSION. Very little social inequality in these groups.

20
Q

Tribes

A
  1. ) SUBSISTENCE STRATEGY: domestication based on horticulture and pastoralism.
  2. ) Political power: lineages, or kinship groups. Men in these tribes are polygamous, meaning they marry multiple wives.

Horticulture: garden cultivation and management.
Pastoralism: keeping of sheep and cattle.

21
Q

Cheifdom

A
  1. ) SUBSISTENCE STRATEGY: intensive horticulture.

2. ) Divide labor to operate technologies to produce more.

22
Q

What type of political structures exist in chiefdoms?

A

STRICT HIERARCHIES with clear rules of succession.

23
Q

Agrarian States

A
  1. ) SUBSISTENCE STRATEGY: agriculture.

2. ) Political economy: large bureaucratic empires with the power to control large territories.

24
Q

Industrial societies

A

MASS PRODUCE material goods. First well-developed nation states with clearly defined territorial borders.

25
Q

What is sociology?

A

The study of human social relationships and institutions.

SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS AND INSTITUTIONS.

26
Q

What level does society register?

A

PERSONAL
SOCIETAL
GLOBAL

27
Q

How many different ways can we study deviance?

A

3 ways.

28
Q

Deviance as objectively granted.

A

Person who does not conform to established social norms.

E.g. Prostitution is a violation of laws.

29
Q

Deviance as socially and culturally constructed.

A

Behavior, belief, or condition that is deviant because it is labeled as such.

B.B.C.

30
Q

Deviance as rooted in the social structure of society.

A

People in power define behavior as deviant if they consider them to be:

  1. ) distasteful
  2. ) immoral
  3. ) THREATENING TO THEM.

D.I.T

31
Q

Who engages in prostitution? Why?

A

80% women.

  1. ) Coerced into it.
  2. ) Need money.
32
Q

Why don’t prostitutes leave the life?

A
  1. ) pimps threaten them.
  2. ) usually lack alternatives, as much of women who enter the game become addicted to drugs, and being a prostitute is the easiest way to satisfy their need.
33
Q

Explain social stratification?

A

Organizing individuals into groups that are based on access to valued social rewards. These rewards include:

  1. ) wealth
  2. ) power
  3. ) prestige.

WP^2

34
Q

Types of social stratification.

A

CASTE: mobility is rare or impossible. Endogamous marriage. Membership is obvious.

CLASS: mobility is possible, exogamous marriage, and membership is ambiguous.

35
Q

U.S. Class System

A

Split up into 5 categories based on household income. White collar, blue collar, and pink collar.

Currently, mobility upward and downward is possible. Middle class is shrinking rapidly.

36
Q

What three lenses are used to study social stratification?

A
  1. ) Symbolic interaction
  2. ) conflict theory
  3. ) functional theory.
37
Q

Describe the functional theory:

A

Unequal access to social rewards is necessary to provide individuals with motivation.

There is manifest function, latent function, and dysfunction.

38
Q

Describe the conflict theory:

A

tensions and conflicts arise when resources, status, and power are unevenly distributed between groups in society, and that these conflicts become the engine for social change.

This focuses on the dysfunctional.

WHEN POWER IS UNEVENLY DISTRIBUTED = ENGINE FOR SOCIAL CHANGE

39
Q

Psychology

A

The study of human behavior and mental processes. Its goal include explaining, controlling, understanding, and predicting behavior.

40
Q

Psychology of the individual: personality

A

Characteristic and long-lasting patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior.

41
Q

Biological Perspective

A

Explores biology of behavior.

  1. ) nervous system
  2. ) endocrine system
  3. ) neurotransmitters
  4. ) hormones.
42
Q

Behavioral Perspective

A

AKA stimulus response. This focuses almost exclusively on learning, both observational and experiential.

CLASSIC CONDITIONING (IVAN PAVLOV)

43
Q

Psychoanalytic Perspective

A

AKA Freudian. Considers instincts and desire to attend to or suppress them. PAST EXPERIENCES.

44
Q

Humanistic Perspective

A

Reaction to behaviorism/psychoanalysis.

Believes:

  1. ) uniqueness of humans
  2. ) capacity for self-actualization.
45
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A

Physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization.

P.L.E.S.S.

46
Q

Cognitive Perspective

A

Mental processes involved in learning about one’s self and one’s environment.

47
Q

Social Perspective

A

Emphasizes role of socialization and interpersonal interactions. Learning about your identity and relationships through social interactions.

Individual and Society (7 decks)

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