Test 2

Question 1

Antecedents of behavior

Answer 1

an event that precedes behavior sometimes called a stimulus

Question 2

What are events that are considered consequences of behavior?

Answer 2

positive reinforcers, punishers, negative reinforcers, neutral stimuli

Question 3

Contingency

Answer 3

the arrangement b/t behavior and its consequences

Praise only after desired behavior

Question 4

What are 2 important aspects of the contingency when teaching a new behavior?

Answer 4

Immediacy- how quickly consequence follows the occurrence of the behavior.
Consistency- the more frequently the consequence follows the occurrence of the behavior the more likely the behavior will be learned.

Question 5

Shaping

Answer 5

using positive reinforcement to differentially reinforce behavior that is closer and closer to the behavior that you want

Question 6

Topography

Answer 6

the form of behavior

Question 7

Duration

Answer 7

the length of time the behavior occurs

Question 8

Frequency

Answer 8

the number of times the behavior occurs

Question 9

Intensity

Answer 9

the amplitude, force, or loudness of behavior

Question 10

Latency

Answer 10

time the behavior starts to occur or is completed following a stimulus

Question 11

Prompting behavior

Answer 11

a way to speed up teaching

-ex. Demonstrations, gestures, etc.

Question 12

The Premack Principle

Answer 12

an opportunity to engage in a high probability behavior is very likely to be a positive reinforcer for a behavior that has a lower probability of occurrence

Question 13

3 Requirements to teach new behaviors

Answer 13

1. Teach with high fluency level. (behavior has same latency, topography, etc. as behavior of people with average skill)
2. Behavior taught in variety of situations.
3. New behaviors are reinforced.

Question 14

Recidivism

Answer 14

the relapse to a previous pattern of behavior that was prevalent prior to the intervention or treatment

Question 15

Why don’t newly taught behaviors maintain in the natural environment after intervention?

Answer 15

• Newly taught behaviors are not fluent.
• Newly taught behaviors are not sufficiently reinforced in the natural environment.
• Old patterns are still strong.
• Old patterns reinforced more than new behavior.

Question 16

Modifying existing “natural” systems

Answer 16

social consequences, salary and bonus consequences, biological consequences (ex. for exercise)

Question 17

Advantages of modifying existing systems

Answer 17

low cost, appears natural

Question 18

Disadvantages of modifying existing systems

Answer 18

too low frequency of positive consequences; other people need to be taught how to use the modified system; consequences may not be consistent; delayed consequences

Question 19

Advantages of point or token systems

Answer 19

Effective when other systems do not work; tends to insure consistent consequences for desired behavior

Question 20

Disadvantages of point or token systems

Answer 20

Need to teach others how to use it; May appear artificial; “bribery”; can be costly

Question 21

Advantages of scheduled activities

Answer 21

can be very effective when other systems do not work; appears relatively natural

Question 22

Disadvantages of scheduled activities

Answer 22

Need to teach people to use it; Some reinforcing activities may be difficult to schedule contingently

Question 23

First step of vocal imitation

Answer 23

Find a positive reinforcer

Question 24

Second step of vocal imitation

Answer 24

Build up overall rate of vocalizations. Reinforce all of child’s vocalizations to build up high rate of vocalizations.

Question 25

Third step of vocal imitation

Answer 25

Shaping short latencies b/t the teacher's model and the child's vocalizations

Question 26

Fourth step of vocal imitation

Answer 26

Getting child's vocalizations to sound like the model's vocalization (shaping the topography)