Test 1

Question 1

Behavior needs to be

Answer 1

observable, reliably recorded, quantifiable

Question 2

Why do you need measures of behavior?

Answer 2

provide best evidence that an intervention designed to change behavior is or is not working

Question 3

To be useful in addressing human problems your measurement systems need to…

Answer 3

• measure the real problem
• be reliable
• be sensitive to the amount of change
• be practical

Question 4

Goals in Applied Behavior Analysis

Answer 4

• Make things better
• Create solutions that are replicable
• Develop a better basic understanding of human behavior

Question 5

Mechanical/electrical recording

Answer 5

Advantages: easy to use, highly reliable, constant recording possible
Disadvantages: expensive

Question 6

Self-reports

Answer 6

Advantages: easy, inexpensive, no intrusion on privacy
Disadvantages: not always believable unless there is another person

Question 7

Direct observation by observers

Answer 7

Advantages: maximize likelihood of recording behavior you want to measure
Disadvantages: person time and intrusion on privacy

Question 8

Direct observation by observers is most common. To use it you need (3 things)

Answer 8

• definition of behavior
• method of recording the amount of behavior
• evaluation of the reliability of recording

Question 9

Frequency measure

Answer 9

count number of times behavior occurs during an observation

Question 10

Duration measure

Answer 10

record how much time behavior occurs during an observation

Question 11

Interval-by-interval measure

Answer 11

divide observation period into small time blocks and score whether or not behavior occurs in each of the time blocks

Question 12

Time sampling

Answer 12

observe frequently for brief moments during an observation and score whether behavior occurred or not during each moment you observed

Question 13

When would you use frequency count or duration measure of a behavior?

Answer 13

Frequency- hitting (number)

Duration- sleep (amount)

Question 14

Why would you use interval-by-interval?

Answer 14

gives you an overall estimate of amount of behavior; shows agreement b/t 2 observers more precisely

Question 15

Why would you use time sample recording?

Answer 15

• gives estimate of amount and shows agreement b/t 2 observers
• BUT need a very large number of time samples to get accurate amount of behavior

Question 16

Difference b/t interval-by-interval and time sampling?

Answer 16

Interval-by-interval observe for a longer time period.

Question 17

How do you calculate the reliability between observers?

Answer 17

Larger total divided by smaller total multiplied by 100 to get percentage of agreement.
13/15= .87x100= 87%

Question 18

What is the typical interval size in interval-by-interval recording?

Answer 18

10,20, or 30 seconds

Question 19

What is a problem with comparing totals of 2 observers?

Answer 19

You don’t know whether or not the observers are recording the same events at the same time.

Question 20

What is the first question you want to answer about your intervention?

Answer 20

Does it work? Does it change behavior in a desirable direction?

Question 21

To answer the first question of intervention you need (2 things)

Answer 21

• way of determining that the behavior you are measuring has changed in desirable direction
• adequate experimental design to rule out extraneous variables

Question 22

Experimental-control group designs

Answer 22

intervention or no intervention at the same time with different people who are randomly assigned to groups

Question 23

Experimental-comparison group designs

Answer 23

intervention or no intervention at the same time with different people who are selected to be comparable to the people in the experimental group

Question 24

Reversal designs (ABAB)

Answer 24

intervention or no intervention with the same person at different times

Question 25

Multiple-baseline designs

Answer 25

intervention or no intervention at different times with the different people or in different situations or for different behaviors

Question 26

Changing-criterion designs

Answer 26

systematic manipulation of behavioral requirements with a person to see if behavior matches the requirements

Question 27

Alternating-treatment designs

Answer 27

alternating several treatments multiple times with a person for a single behavior

Question 28

Reversal design steps

Answer 28

1. baseline 2. intervention on baseline 3. maintain intervention until change 4. return to baseline (remove intervention) until goes back to baseline 5. reinstate intervention until behavior is acceptable or can't improve further

Question 29

Changing-criterion design steps

Answer 29

1. take baseline until behavior shows no trend or moving opposite than expected 2. intervention with criterion for reinforcement slightly higher than baseline 3. interventions increase criterion for reinforcement

Question 30

Alternating-treatment design steps

Answer 30

1. take baseline on 2 tasks until both show no trend or going opposite than expected 2. start intervention and alternate

Question 31

Second question of intervention

Answer 31

Does the intervention work enough? (consumer satisfaction/normative measures)

Question 32

Third question of intervention

Answer 32

What parts of the intervention contribute to the effectiveness of the intervention?

Question 33

How do we evaluate consumer satisfaction?

Answer 33

rating scales (1 to 5)

Question 34

What are normative measures?

Answer 34

How do the outcomes of the intervention compare to "normal" amounts of the behavior?

Question 35

Evaluations of components of intervention

Answer 35

cost, difficulty of implementation, undesirability of some components