Final Flashcards
Basic rights definition
Minimum conditions that we must provide for dependent people when we are caring for them and deprive them of their freedom
Basic rights example
Patient must have their own designated bed to sleep in.
Basic rights court holdings
- Cannot withhold basic rights.
- Cannot require certain bx in order to earn basic rights.
- Must be non-contingent
Basic rights problems
- Some individuals may be so severely debilitated that only basic rights may act as reinforcers.
- W/o the use of these rewards, we might not be able to teach these individuals or control inappropriate bx.
Basic rights resolution
Take issue to Human Rights Committee
Institutional labor definition
Requiring people to engage in institutional labor to maintain or benefit the institution AND not justly compensating people for this work
Institutional labor court holding
Cannot require people to engage in institutional labor. If they want to work, must pay at same rate as employees outside the facility.
Institutional labor problems
- More expensive to hire person with disability than outside facility.
- Thus, no longer hired clients.
- Thus, clients didn’t get experience in community/no chance to learn skills.
Institutional labor resolutions
- Facility can require person to clean own room (personal housekeeping)
- May offer jobs that would maintain facility (equal pay to ability)
- Family-style exception
Family-style exception
- Part of instructional program.
- Must rotate jobs.
- Benefit entire group
Aversive Procedure definition
application of aversive procedure used to decrease or stop behaviors
Aversive Procedure examples
shock, lemon juice, corporal punishment, seclusion, psychosurgery
Aversive Procedure court holding
Procedures cannot be used- there exists a protection from harm
Aversive Procedure problem
For some severely debilitated people, may need to use a procedure to control severe aggression or SIB
Aversive Procedure resolution
Some procedures cannot be used at all (corporal punishment and seclusion); but can use therapeutic time-out; Human Rights Committee
Human Rights Committee (8)
a. Eliminating a behavior that is more punishing or detrimental (dangerous to self or others) to the individual than the technique you are using
b. Tried less aversive techniques and they have failed
c. Professional literature indicates the procedure would work
d. Will be using for a brief period of time, taking data, and if not working, will stop intervention
e. Must be combined with positive approach to teach appropriate behaviors
f. Cannot be used for convenience of the staff, for retribution, or as a substitute for treatment
g. HRC approval
h. Guardian approval
6 ways people with intellectual disabilities have been characterized
HOBSSM
Holy innocent, Object of pity, Burden of charity, Sick people, Subhuman organism, Menace to society
Holy innocent
Disability was once seen as a gift given to them from God. No teaching provided.
Object of pity
We feel bad for people with disabilities b/c we think they are not capable of much. No teaching provided.
Burden of charity
Our society feels it is our duty to take care of those who are not able to take care of themselves. No teaching provided.
Sick people
Disables thought of as sick. Doctors tried to cure them by performing brain surgery. No teaching provided.
Subhuman organism
People didn’t treat disabled like contributing members of society. No teaching provided.
Menace to society
People thought the disabled were a danger to society and isolated them. No teaching provided.
Results of Willowbrook
- Changes in laws due to lawsuits brought across the country and enactment of laws at the federal and state level.
- Deinstitutionalization and institutional closure.
Why community programs are better than institutions. (6 reasons)
- Smaller living arrangements have fewer people.
- Better staff-to-client ratio (more staff attention)
- More normalized and better quality of life in the community.
- Health improvements
- Increased adaptive behaviors.
- Less costly
Advantages of tokens
- Can be given immediately after desirable bx.
- Individual can see progress in a tangible form.
- Can vary amount of reinforcement depending on the nature of the response.
- Tokens can teach simple math skills.
- Tokens can help teach self-management skills.
Disadvantages of tokens
- Cumbersome
- Time and effort in handling may distract from learning or teaching.
- Natural environment may not provide tokens.
- Stimulus control (act diff when know no tokens)
- Unauthorized acquisition (add tokens themselves)
Token
conditioned reinforcer
Target behavior
behavior that has been selected to increase or decrease
Backup reinforcers
reinforcers for which we exchange tokens
Token economy
program in which an individual or group of individuals can earn tokens for a variety of desirable behaviors and can exchange tokens earned for backup reinforcers
An acceptable treatment and learning environment (10 components)
EFRRSSCCRC
(1) promotes engagement, (2) teaches and maintains functional skills, (3)Reduces behavior problems, (4) Is the least restrictive and intrusive environment that promotes success, (5) Is a stable and predictable environment, (6) Is a physically and emotionally safe environment (7) Is an environment in which the individual chooses to be, (8) Offers choices (9) Promotes relationship development (10) Promotes community integration
Components of the Teaching Family Model
FRTMSOOO
- Family-style living arrangement
- Relationship development
- Teaching (structured and incidental)
- Motivational systems
- Self-government
- On-going staff instruction
- On-going staff consultation
- On-going staff and program evaluation
Components of Self-government
Fair procedure- youth want to be part of program(ex. New person chooses dinner each night)
Participant involvement and ownership- involve youth in making rules, deciding on consequences, and decision making regarding activities
Participants learn to take responsibility for own actions
Components of Motivational systems
- Token economy initially
- Fade to social attention and reinforcement
Components of On-going staff instruction
- Pre-service workshops
- On-going workshops to provide info
Components of On-going staff consultation
- In-home consultation
- Observe staff as they carry out their job responsibilities
Components of On-going staff and Program evaluation
- Formal evaluations for staff, home, and program
- Consumer evaluations
First 6 components of Token Reinforcement program
TBBFED
- TARGET behaviors
- BASELINE data
- Methods for selecting BACK-UP reinforcers
- Selecting the FORM of tokens (abstract/concrete)
- Methods of EXCHANGING tokens for back-up reinforcers
- DELAY in exchanging tokens for back-up reinforcers
Last 5 components of Token Reinforcement program
DVCAF
- Methods for DELIVERING tokens
- Considerations for assigning token VALUE to jobs or behaviors
- Considerations for determining the token COST of back-up reinforcers
- Most APPROPRIATED method to decrease inappropriate bx: RESPONSE COST
- Methods for FADING
Most appropriate method to decrease inappropriate behavior if using token economy.
RESPONSE COST
How should tokens be delivered? (4)
- Positive manner
- Immediately after bx
- In front of others
- Describe why they are getting their tokens
Why is baseline data important?
- to show improvement of token economy
- to see if token economy is needed
Methods for selecting back-up reinforcers
Preference assessment, Premack theory, Reinforcer sampling, ask them, show them a list of items
Preference assessment
offer each participant choices
Premack theory
observe people during their free time to find what they like
Reinforcer sampling
expose each person to various items and activities; given free at first, then used as back-up reinforcement
Variables important for assigning token values to target bx
Difficulty of bx
Desirability of bx- less desirable=more tokens given
Therapeutic value-if bx is important to learn, more tokens given
Variables important for token cost of back-up reinforcers
Supply and demand
Cost in natural environment
Value of item to person
Therapeutic value to person (costs less b/c you want them to access)
What is a fair democratic procedure that could be used with clients to encourage their participation in a token economy?
self-government
variation of family conference in teaching family model
Variables in a therapeutic time out
- Contingent on pre-specified bx and part of a comprehensive tx plan.
- In an unlocked room.
- Under constant visual supervision of staff.
- Time limited
- Staff must keep a record of the use of time out.
- Staff must get HRC approval.
Why is it important to understand how we view people with intellectual disabilities?
How we treat people is affected by our views of them. If we view them as capable of learning, we can provide them with learning and support.
What are the two types of teaching?
structured and incidental
What are the two forms of tokens?
abstract and concrete
