Test 2

Question 1

Pain, temperature, and light touch are known as?

Answer 1

Superficial sensations

Question 2

Superficial sensations are also classified as what?

Answer 2

Exteroceptive
Or
Cutaneous sensations

Question 3

What receptors lie in the skin and mucous membrane?

Answer 3

Exteroceptive sensations

Question 4

Pain, touch, and proprioception are what type of sensation?

Answer 4

Deep pain

Question 5

What is the highest level of sensation?

Answer 5

Multimodal or association cortex

Question 6

Who used the observation of herpetic lesions and traumatic involvement of the spinal cord to study dermatomal distribution?

Answer 6

Head, he came first… Then Sherrington and foerster

Question 7

Which researchers performed isolated posterior root sections and noted the remaining, or unaltered, sensibility after certain roots were cut?

Answer 7

Sherrington and foerster

Question 8

Which researcher studied a large series of cases involving herniated intervertebral discs with the blocking of a single nerve root?

Answer 8

Keegan

Question 9

What did Keegan discover that contradicted head and foerster?

Answer 9

Found little to no overlap of dermatomes and was able to delineate strips of hypalgesia which extend to the most distal portions of the extremities.

Question 10

Which specialized receptors are found in skin, mucous membranes, and peritrichal endings around the hair follicles?

Answer 10

Tactile disc of merkel

Question 11

Light tough or non-discriminating touch is known as?

Answer 11

Thigmesthesia

Question 12

The neuro-pathway of light touch is basically the same one used for?

Answer 12

Pain using slightly myelinated fibers that ascend in the anterior lateral column to the thalamus

Question 13

Deep touch,or discriminating (well localized) touch is known as?

Answer 13

Topesthesia

Question 14

What specialized receptors are found in the hairless portion of skin?

Answer 14

Corpuscles of meissner, responsible for Topesthesia

Question 15

What sensation is primarily carried by large diameter, heavily myelinated fibers through the posterior spinal cord district?

Answer 15

Topesthesia (well localized) touch

Question 16

During what examination should you prevent putting any pressure on the subcutaneous tissues?

Answer 16

Light touch examination

Question 17

When a dual head instrument moves away from the involved side this indicates what?

Answer 17

Nerve irritation

Question 18

A decrease in sympathetic function resulting in vasodilation indicates what type of nerve issue?

Answer 18

Nerve compression

Dual head towards involved side

Question 19

Which nerve issue would sensory, motor, and deep tendon reflex exam exhibit normal findings?

Answer 19

Nerve irritation

Question 20

In nerve compression, what is the order of functional loss?

Answer 20

1) Light touch
2) sharp pain and temperature
3) position and vibratory sensation
Returns in reverse order

Question 21

What syndrome causes loss of abduction of the shoulder and loss of Flexion at the elbow?

Answer 21

Erb-Duchenne (avulsion of C5 and C6 roots)

Question 22

What paralysis is due to avulsion of C8 and T1 nerve roots, causing loses in use of intrinsic muscles of the hand in the long flexor a and extensors of the fingers?

Answer 22

Klumpke paralysis

Question 23

What must be done before you can mark muscle stretch reflex as absent?

Answer 23

Try with reinforcement (gritting teeth)

Question 24

What tissues are devoid of nociceptors?

Answer 24

Synovial membranes
Articulate cartilage
The inner annulus and nucleus of an intervertebral disc

Question 25

Noxious stimuli maybe caused by what three general categories?

Answer 25

Thermal Mechanical Chemical

Question 26

The subluxation syndrome could be considered what type obnoxious stimulant?

Answer 26

``` Mechanical stimulant (No pain equals a normal joint) ```

Question 27

Upon correction of nerve compression I what order will senses return?

Answer 27

1) position and vibratory sense 2) pain and temperature 3) light touch

Question 28

Because of the presence of of nociceptive nerve endings within the annulus fibrosis of the disc, annular tears can cause pain where?

Answer 28

Lower back, buttocks, S-I region, and lower extremity

Question 29

Bilateral leg pain, bowel and bladder incontinence, sensory exam of S3-S5 is absent for either light touch or sharp indicates what?

Answer 29

Cauda equine syndrome

Question 30

Between Cauda equine and sacral sparing syndrome, which one would bowel and blade function be normal or maybe some leakage?

Answer 30

Sacral sparing

Question 31

you are concerned that your patient has Cauda equina sydrome, so you perform a sensory exam of S3-S5 and it is equal bilaterally. Do you call an ambulance or not?

Answer 31

No they have sacral sparing | Evaluate, monitor and treat accordingly

Question 32

Awkwardness of movement as opposed to weakness is characteristic of?

Answer 32

Both cerebellar and basal ganglia lesion

Question 33

What are some of the many substances shown to excite nociceptors?

Answer 33

PROstaglandins POTassium SUBstance P SEROtonin HISTAmine PLASMA kinins

Question 34

What impulses travel along the slightly myelinated A-Delta fibers AND along the UNmyelinated C fibers?

Answer 34

Nociceptive impulses

Question 35

The clinical examination for pain should be done using only what stimulus?

Answer 35

Sharp with dull being used occasionally as a reliability check

Question 36

What are the terms indicating an area insensitive to pain?

Answer 36

Alganesthestia and analgesia

Question 37

What term indicates an area with decreased sensitivity to pain?

Answer 37

Hypalgesia

Question 38

When a primary sensory modality is not in working order, then the deficit is referred to as?

Answer 38

Anesthesia or analgesia

Question 39

Loss of vibratory sensation is termed?

Answer 39

Pallanesthesia

Question 40

What are the three areas to evaluate during a motor exam?

Answer 40

Strength Tone Volume

Question 41

The force exerted in changing position is known as?

Answer 41

Kinetic

Question 42

The force exerted in resisting movement is known as?

Answer 42

Static

Question 43

True or false. In most diseases kinetic and static power are equally affected?

Answer 43

True | However in the extrapyramidal (UMNL) syndromes, kinetic power may be diminished while static power remains normal

Question 44

Which is stronger, Wrist flexors or wrist extensors?

Answer 44

Wrist flexors

Question 45

Which is stronger, biceps or triceps?

Answer 45

Triceps

Question 46

Increased muscle tone can be noted as what two types?

Answer 46

Spasticity Rigidity This indicates an upper motor neuron lesion

Question 47

An active spasticity where an increased muscular resistance is felt by the examiner during the joint motion then the resistance quickly fades away is known as what syndrome?

Answer 47

Clasped knife syndrome

Question 48

A passive involuntary muscular resistance felt when moving a resting joint throughout its entire range of motion is known as?

Answer 48

Rigidity | Gooseneck rigidity is when it feels like bending a microphone while in its holder

Question 49

Hypotonicity suggests what type of motor neuron lesion?

Answer 49

Lower motor neuron lesion

Question 50

What is an acute, severe upper motor neuron lesion damage in either the brain and/or spinal cord?

Answer 50

Neural shock

Question 51

Initial neural shock shows only what type of findings?

Answer 51

Peripheral type neurological findings

Question 52

disease of what part of the brain may cause diffuse hypotonia?

Answer 52

Cerebellum

Question 53

Loss of normal neurological function, such as; reductions in muscle tone, muscle stretch reflexes, muscle strength and volume. This is known as?

Answer 53

Deficit phenomenon AKA lower motor neuron lesion

Question 54

Exaggerations or perversions of normal neurological function are due to a loss of cortical inhibition. This is known as?

Answer 54

Release phenomena AKA upper motor neuron lesion

Question 55

Hyper-reflexia, hypertonia, and pathological reflexes would indicate which phenomena?

Answer 55

Release phenomena | Named due to the release from descending cortical inhibition

Question 56

Upon assessing a DTR you must look at?

Answer 56

Speed of reaction Vigor of response Length of contraction

Question 57

How do you test for pathological clonus in the upper extremity?

Answer 57

Passively apply resistance into the wrist while held in extension

Question 58

How do you test for pathological clonus in the lower extremity?

Answer 58

Passively dorsiflex the ankle and or traction the patella from superior to inferior