Test 2 Flashcards
what antibodies make up the ABO system
IgG & IgM
which antibody reacts at body temperature
IgM
Do antibodies present WITHOUT previous red cell stimulation
yes
when are antibodies presented in the body
first few months after birth
what are the Landsteiner’s rules
- YOU MUST BE NEGATIVE FOR THE ANTIGEN IN ORDER TO BUILD THE ANTIBODY
- YOU DON’T BUILD ANTIBODIES TO YOUR OWN ANTIGENS (this is generally true, except in autoimmune disease)
what gene is a amorph
O gene
Inheritance of an A gene causes what
A antigen on red cells
inheritance of an B gene causes what
B antigen on red cells
What do Group O have on red cells
no antigens
what do group AB have on their cells
A and B antigen
what antibody do Group A have in their plasma
anti-B
what antibody do Group B have in their plasma
anti-A
what antibody do Group B have in their plasma
anti- A anti B & anti-A,B
In the American Caucasian population, Group O is what percentage?
45%
In the American Caucasian population, Group A is what percentage?
40%
In the American Caucasian population, Group B is what percentage?
11%
In the American Caucasian population, Group AB is what percentage?
4%
what group is the universal donor of red cells and most desired?
Group O
what do we use to detect antigens on red cells
commercially prepared antibodies
what do we use to detect the antibodies in the plasma?
commercially prepared A1 and B cells
what determines the ABO group (forward Grouping)
the antigens on red cells
what confirms the ABO grouping
antibodies in the patients plasma (Reverse grouping, also called Backtype)
ANTI-A (4+), ANTI-B (0), ANTI-A,B (4+), A1 CELLS (0), B CELLS (4+)
Group A
ANTI-A (0), ANTI-B (4+), ANTI-A,B (4+), A1 CELLS (4+), B CELLS (0)
Group B
ANTI-A (0), ANTI-B (0), ANTI-A,B (0), A1 CELLS (4+), B CELLS (4+)
Group O
ANTI-A (4+), ANTI-B (4+), ANTI-A,B (4+), A1 CELLS (0), B CELLS (0)
Group AB
what can you transfuse group O red cells to
all ABO groups
what can you transfuse to a O person
only O
what can you transfuse to a AB person
any abo group
what can you transfuse to a A person
O and A
what can you transfuse to a B person
O and B
You need to inherit what type of gene to build antigens on your red cells
H gene
What do all group O people do with the H antigen
they retain all there H antigen because they do not inherit an A or B gene to convert it to.
What does a failure to inherit an H gene result in?
Bombay phenotype (hh)
what are the 4 phenotypes for transfusion
A, B, O, AB
when is the only time it matters that there are six phenotypes and 10 genotypes
ANTI-A1 ANTIBODY PRODUCED BY A2 OR A2B INDIVIDUALS
ANTI-A (4+), ANTI-B (0), ANTI-A,B (4+), A1 CELLS (2+), B CELLS (4+)
A2
ABO genes are Codominant, what does that mean
YOU ONLY NEED THE GENE FROM ONE PARENT IN ORDER TO BUILD THE ANTIBODY
when are subgroups of A important
when testing donor blood
what antibody detects most subgroups of A
anti a,b antibody
What is the most common of the subgroups of A
A3
how is A3 recognized
by observing mixed field agglutination
what extract reacts with antigen H
ulex europaeus
what extract reacts with antigen a1
dolichos biflorus
what percentage of group A are A1 and A2
A1- 80%
A2- 20%
what is the universal recipient of red cells
AB
what is the universal donor of plasma cells
AB
what percentage of people secrete A and B antigens and H antigens into their body fluids
80%
IF YOU INHERIT AN “H” GENE AND A SECRETOR (Se) GENE, BUT NO LEWIS (Le) GENE
Le(a-b-)
IF YOU INHERIT AN “H” GENE, A “Le” GENE, BUT NO SECRETOR GENE (sese) THEN YOU MAKE LEWIS A ANTIGEN ON YOUR RED CELLS BUT YOU CANNOT CONVERT IT TO LEWIS B ANTIGEN.
Le(a+b-)
IF YOU INHERIT AN “H” GENE, A “Le” GENE, AND A “Se” GENE THEN YOU MAKE LEWIS A ANTIGEN ON YOUR RED BLOOD CELLS BUT BECAUSE YOU HAVE ALL THREE GENES THE LEWIS A ANTIGEN IS CONVERTED TO LEWIS B ANTIGEN
Le(a-b+)
what do you do to get a elderly patients antibodies to show
IF YOU INCUBATE THE TESTS AT ROOM TEMPERATURE FOR 15 MINUTES OR, BETTER YET, AT REFRIGERATOR TEMPS FOR 5 MINUTES, THEN THE AGGLUTINATION WILL USUALLY BE THERE (WEAKLY)
what is an example of a use for DAT
–EXAMPLE: A NEWBORN WITH ANTIBODY FROM THE MOTHER ATTACHED TO HIS/HER CELLS
