Test 1 Flashcards
list some of the innate immunity
Skin tears sweat saliva normal flora phagocytic cells Natural Killer cells inflammation
what is a CD4 cell
its a T helper cell
what is a CD8 cell
cytotoxic T cells
What marker/receptors do B cells have on them
CD19
what are the byproducts of complement proteins being split?
anaphylatoxins
chemotaxins
opsonins
What are the “acquired” process?
- Macrophage engulfs foreign material
- Macrophage selects and processes an antigen
- Macrophage presents antigen wrapped in MHC-2 proteins to CD4 lymphocyte
- CD4 lymphocyte presents antigen to B cell and CD8 T-cell
- Antigen must be wrapped in MHC-1 proteins for CD8 cell to accept it
- B-cell converts to plasma cell and produces antibodies
- CD8 cell produces cytokines
what does CD stand for?
cluster of differentiation
What are CD numbers for?
they are assigned to lymphocytes to distinguish them
what marker do B cells have?
CD19
what markers do cytotoxic T cells have
CD8
what markers do helper T cells have
CD4
what markers natural killer cells have
none
What do CD4 cells do
help B-cells and CD8 cells by presenting antigen
Induces clonal expansion by releasing cytokines
Where is complement involved
in both innate and acquired immunity
How can Properdin and MBL pathways activated
directly by bacteria, viruses, yeasts, etc.
What does complement activation result in
a hole in the cell membrane
What is the classical pathway activated by
antibody to antigen
Which antibody always activates complement
IgM
Why does IgG not always activate complement
they have to bind close together on cell membrane
what does anaphylatoxin promote
inflammation by causing mast cells to release granular contents (histamine)
1) INCREASED VASCULAR PERMEABILITY
2) SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTION
what does chemotaxin cause
PHAGOCYTIC CELLS TO BE RECRUITED TO THE AREA OF ANTIBODY/ANTIGEN REACTION – SEGMENTED NEUTROPHILS
– MACROPHAGES
what does opsonin do
ALERT
binds to cell wall and allows macrophage to recognize the abnormal cell more easily
-antibody
-complement fragements (C3b)
macrophage phagocytosis the cell presents to a CD4
CD4 presents to B cell
B cell changes to plasma cell to produce antibody
what are antigens
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS ON CELL MEMBRANE
PROTEINS, POLYSACCHARIDES
what do antigens do?
stimulate an antibody or cytotoxic response
what is the meaning of antigen dosage
amount of antigen introduced
what is the antigen route
IV is more antigenic than oral administration
what is the size of an antigen
10,000 daltons
what is an epitope
SMALL PORTION OF THE MOLECULE THAT ELICITS A SPECIFIC RESPONSE
what is an antigenic determinant
ANTIBODY PRODUCED THAT IS SPECIFIC FOR THE EPITOPE
MOLECULE MAY HAVE MORE THAN ONE EPITOPE
what are the RBC antigens
glycoproteins or glycolipids
how many known RBC antigens are there
textbook says 250
others say 400
how do we mostly detect RBC antigens
agglutination
what is agglutination
BINDING OF CELLS TOGETHER BY ANTIBODIES (LARGE PARTICLES, LIKE A RED CELL)
which antibody is easy to achieve agglutination
IgM
Which antibody uses anti-human globulin to achieve agglutination
IgG
Where are antibodies
in the plasma
Where are antigens
on the red blood cells
What do we screen patients plasma for that might cause transfusion reactions
ANTIBODIES
what do we screen donor blood for?
to find blood that is negative for the corresponding antigen
what are some other detection methods used for screening?
PRECIPITATION METHODS
IMMUNOASSAY METHODS
what is an antibody/antigen complex
reaction of antibody with antigen
is antibody/antigen complex reversible
yes
what is the antibody/antigen complex dependent on
Time
Temp
pH
Ionic strength of medium
What are the temp for antibodies
IgM- room temp
IgG- 37C body temp
what is the pH for the reaction
7.0
what is the ionic strength for the reaction to take place
medium to reduce zeta potential
what is zeta potential
force of repulsion between RBC
Low ionic strength solution is used to do what
lower the overall positive and negative ions in solution
reduces the ionic cloud traveling with the red cell
In the antigen-antibody amounts, what is the prozone
too much antibody
In the antigen-antibody amounts, what is the postzone
too much antigen
In the antigen-antibody amounts, what is the zone of equivalence
approx. equal amounts
in the IAT, what is the prozone
too much plasma
in the IAT, what is the postzone
too much RBC
What is hemolysis
lysing of RBC by complement
intravascular destruction of Rbc
LOW HAPTOGLOBIN LEVELS
What is hemolysis mediated by
complement
What is antiglobulin
antibody directed against human antibodies
what does the term “anti” mean
antibody
what does DAT stand for
Direct antiglobulin test
What does IAT stand for
Indirect antiglobulin test
also called antibody screen
when do you use DAT
when the antibody is already bound to red cell antigens
HEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF THE FETUS AND NEWBORN (HDN) OR (HDFN)
- MOTHER’S ANTIBODY ON BABY’S CELLS
TRANSFUSION REACTION
- PATIENT ANTIBODY ON TRANSFUSED DONOR CELLS
what does IAT do
detects antibodies in the plasma
how is IAT done
patient plasma + RBCs with known antigens
incubate
wash
add antihuman globulin (AHG) also called indirect coombs
what are major causes of false negatives?
PROZONE
POSTZONE
INCORRECT TIME OR TEMP
INADEQUATE WASHING
what is a chromosome
STRAND OF DNA CARRYING GENETIC INFORMATION
what is a gene
UNITS OF INHERITANCE THAT PRODUCE ANTIGENS ON RBCs
what is a locus
LOCATION ON A CHROMOSOME FOR A GENE
what is an allele
ALTERNATIVE GENES THAT CAN OCCUR AT A SPECIFIC LOCUS
what is homozygous
SAME GENE FROM BOTH PARENTS
what is heterozygous
DIFFERENT GENES FROM PARENTS
what is the genotype
THE ACTUAL GENES THAT ARE INHERITED
phenotype
PHYSICAL EXPRESSION OF GENES
in ABO, which ones produce antigen on RBC
A and B
what is amorphic
no antigen production
how many phenotypes with ABO
4
A, B, AB, O
how many genotypes
6
AA, AO, BB, BO, AB, OO
what does codominant mean
one does not suppress another
A and B genes are codominant, what does this mean
ONE DOES NOT SUPPRESS THE OTHER
IF YOU INHERIT BOTH, YOU PRODUCE BOTH ANTIGENS
what are haplotypes
genes very close together
inherited as a group MNSs is an example
M and N are alleles
S and s are alleles
what does it mean when a person as an antibody
- PATIENT LACKS THE ANTIGEN
- PATIENT BUILT AN ANTIBODY
- ANY DONOR BLOOD TO BE TRANSFUSED MUST LACK THE ANTIGEN
what are the steps with needing units with multiple antibodies
FInd the occurrence of the antigen in general population
take negative occurrences of antigen and multiple them
use ratio and proportion to determine how many donor units of blood to screen
what exclusion for ABO paternity
crossover
deletions
suppressions
what is HLA
human leukocyte antigens
HLA is on all cells in the body except
RBC(erythrocytes)
HLA antibodies cause what kind of transfusion reactions
chill and fever
what is the HLA antigen used for
paternity exclusion
what do you do to IgM and IgG to change the zeta potential
IgM- add saline room temp
IgG- LISS, AHG 37 C
what is the crossover
gene splits in the wrong place
What is the dosage effect
test with antibody
KK- strong
Kk- weak
kk- none