Test 1 Flashcards by Kendra cotton

list some of the innate immunity

Skin
tears
sweat
saliva
normal flora
phagocytic cells
Natural Killer cells
inflammation

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what is a CD4 cell

its a T helper cell

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what is a CD8 cell

cytotoxic T cells

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What marker/receptors do B cells have on them

CD19

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what are the byproducts of complement proteins being split?

anaphylatoxins
chemotaxins
opsonins

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What are the “acquired” process?

Macrophage engulfs foreign material
Macrophage selects and processes an antigen
Macrophage presents antigen wrapped in MHC-2 proteins to CD4 lymphocyte
CD4 lymphocyte presents antigen to B cell and CD8 T-cell
Antigen must be wrapped in MHC-1 proteins for CD8 cell to accept it
B-cell converts to plasma cell and produces antibodies
CD8 cell produces cytokines

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what does CD stand for?

cluster of differentiation

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What are CD numbers for?

they are assigned to lymphocytes to distinguish them

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what marker do B cells have?

CD19

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what markers do cytotoxic T cells have

CD8

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what markers do helper T cells have

CD4

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what markers natural killer cells have

none

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What do CD4 cells do

help B-cells and CD8 cells by presenting antigen

Induces clonal expansion by releasing cytokines

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Where is complement involved

in both innate and acquired immunity

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How can Properdin and MBL pathways activated

directly by bacteria, viruses, yeasts, etc.

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What does complement activation result in

a hole in the cell membrane

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What is the classical pathway activated by

antibody to antigen

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Which antibody always activates complement

IgM

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Why does IgG not always activate complement

they have to bind close together on cell membrane

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what does anaphylatoxin promote

inflammation by causing mast cells to release granular contents (histamine)

1) INCREASED VASCULAR PERMEABILITY
2) SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTION

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what does chemotaxin cause

PHAGOCYTIC CELLS TO BE RECRUITED TO THE AREA OF ANTIBODY/ANTIGEN REACTION – SEGMENTED NEUTROPHILS
– MACROPHAGES

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what does opsonin do

ALERT
binds to cell wall and allows macrophage to recognize the abnormal cell more easily
-antibody
-complement fragements (C3b)
macrophage phagocytosis the cell presents to a CD4
CD4 presents to B cell
B cell changes to plasma cell to produce antibody

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what are antigens

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS ON CELL MEMBRANE

PROTEINS, POLYSACCHARIDES

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what do antigens do?

stimulate an antibody or cytotoxic response

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what is the meaning of antigen dosage

amount of antigen introduced

what is the antigen route

IV is more antigenic than oral administration

what is the size of an antigen

10,000 daltons

what is an epitope

SMALL PORTION OF THE MOLECULE THAT ELICITS A SPECIFIC RESPONSE

what is an antigenic determinant

ANTIBODY PRODUCED THAT IS SPECIFIC FOR THE EPITOPE | MOLECULE MAY HAVE MORE THAN ONE EPITOPE

what are the RBC antigens

glycoproteins or glycolipids

how many known RBC antigens are there

textbook says 250 | others say 400

how do we mostly detect RBC antigens

agglutination

what is agglutination

BINDING OF CELLS TOGETHER BY ANTIBODIES (LARGE PARTICLES, LIKE A RED CELL)

which antibody is easy to achieve agglutination

IgM

Which antibody uses anti-human globulin to achieve agglutination

IgG

Where are antibodies

in the plasma

Where are antigens

on the red blood cells

What do we screen patients plasma for that might cause transfusion reactions

ANTIBODIES

what do we screen donor blood for?

to find blood that is negative for the corresponding antigen

what are some other detection methods used for screening?

PRECIPITATION METHODS | IMMUNOASSAY METHODS

what is an antibody/antigen complex

reaction of antibody with antigen

is antibody/antigen complex reversible

yes

what is the antibody/antigen complex dependent on

Time Temp pH Ionic strength of medium

What are the temp for antibodies

IgM- room temp | IgG- 37C body temp

what is the pH for the reaction

7.0

what is the ionic strength for the reaction to take place

medium to reduce zeta potential

what is zeta potential

force of repulsion between RBC

Low ionic strength solution is used to do what

lower the overall positive and negative ions in solution | reduces the ionic cloud traveling with the red cell

In the antigen-antibody amounts, what is the prozone

too much antibody

In the antigen-antibody amounts, what is the postzone

too much antigen

In the antigen-antibody amounts, what is the zone of equivalence

approx. equal amounts

in the IAT, what is the prozone

too much plasma

in the IAT, what is the postzone

too much RBC

What is hemolysis

lysing of RBC by complement intravascular destruction of Rbc LOW HAPTOGLOBIN LEVELS

What is hemolysis mediated by

complement

What is antiglobulin

antibody directed against human antibodies

what does the term "anti" mean

antibody

what does DAT stand for

Direct antiglobulin test

What does IAT stand for

Indirect antiglobulin test | also called antibody screen

when do you use DAT

when the antibody is already bound to red cell antigens HEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF THE FETUS AND NEWBORN (HDN) OR (HDFN) - MOTHER’S ANTIBODY ON BABY’S CELLS TRANSFUSION REACTION - PATIENT ANTIBODY ON TRANSFUSED DONOR CELLS

what does IAT do

detects antibodies in the plasma

how is IAT done

patient plasma + RBCs with known antigens incubate wash add antihuman globulin (AHG) also called indirect coombs

what are major causes of false negatives?

PROZONE POSTZONE INCORRECT TIME OR TEMP INADEQUATE WASHING

what is a chromosome

STRAND OF DNA CARRYING GENETIC INFORMATION

what is a gene

UNITS OF INHERITANCE THAT PRODUCE ANTIGENS ON RBCs

what is a locus

LOCATION ON A CHROMOSOME FOR A GENE

what is an allele

ALTERNATIVE GENES THAT CAN OCCUR AT A SPECIFIC LOCUS

what is homozygous

SAME GENE FROM BOTH PARENTS

what is heterozygous

DIFFERENT GENES FROM PARENTS

what is the genotype

THE ACTUAL GENES THAT ARE INHERITED

phenotype

PHYSICAL EXPRESSION OF GENES

in ABO, which ones produce antigen on RBC

A and B

what is amorphic

no antigen production

how many phenotypes with ABO

4 | A, B, AB, O

how many genotypes

6 | AA, AO, BB, BO, AB, OO

what does codominant mean

one does not suppress another

A and B genes are codominant, what does this mean

ONE DOES NOT SUPPRESS THE OTHER | IF YOU INHERIT BOTH, YOU PRODUCE BOTH ANTIGENS

what are haplotypes

genes very close together inherited as a group MNSs is an example M and N are alleles S and s are alleles

what does it mean when a person as an antibody

- PATIENT LACKS THE ANTIGEN - PATIENT BUILT AN ANTIBODY - ANY DONOR BLOOD TO BE TRANSFUSED MUST LACK THE ANTIGEN

what are the steps with needing units with multiple antibodies

FInd the occurrence of the antigen in general population take negative occurrences of antigen and multiple them use ratio and proportion to determine how many donor units of blood to screen

what exclusion for ABO paternity

crossover deletions suppressions

what is HLA

human leukocyte antigens

HLA is on all cells in the body except

RBC(erythrocytes)

HLA antibodies cause what kind of transfusion reactions

chill and fever

what is the HLA antigen used for

paternity exclusion

what do you do to IgM and IgG to change the zeta potential

IgM- add saline room temp | IgG- LISS, AHG 37 C

what is the crossover

gene splits in the wrong place

What is the dosage effect

test with antibody KK- strong Kk- weak kk- none