Test 2 Flashcards
True or False
The optimal growth range or temperature for an organism is where the organism metabolic processes work at greatest efficiency.
True
True or False
The decimal reduction time (rate) is the time needed to reduce a population by 10%.
False it’s 90%
True or False
Major elements are needed in large quantities by cells and minor or trace elements are needed in small quantities.
True
True or False
Acidophile grow best at pH levels above 5.5
False grows best below 5.5
True or false
Halophiles pefer high salt concentrations and therefore do not require water.
False do not require water
True or false
Iodine works by oxidation and inhibition of protein/enzyme function.
True
True or false
Cold is primarily a bacteriostatic treatment.
True
True or false
Nutrients are removed and wasted added in an open system also called a continuous culture.
False
True or false
Direct and indirect damage to host tissues should be considered when prescribing an antibiotic or antimicrobial drug.
True
True or false
An antibiotic is a substance produced by a living organism that has antimicrobial properties.
True
True or false
Enzymes must maintain a specific three dimensional structure to interact properly with their substrate
True
True or false
Competitive inhibitors bind to places other than the active site; for instance the allosteric site of the enzyme.
False non-competitive
True or false
Competitive inhibitors bind to or near the active site on an enzyme.
True
True or false
Psychrophiles have a growth range of approximately 70-110+ degrees Celsius
False
True or False
Acidophiles grow best at an environmental pH above 8.5.
False
True or False
Fe, C, S, and P are examples of major elements and are therefore required in large quantities by cells.
True
True or False
Physical methods of control are less effective than chemical methods of control.
False
True or False
Pressure and radiation have a primarily Vidal effect in their control of microbes.
False
True or false
The mode of action, inhibit cell wall synthesis has no potential for cross over damage to our cells.
True
True or false
Gaseous sterilants denature proteins by replacing hydrogen molecules with alkyl groups.
True
Which of the following does not work by oxidation?
A. Dry heat
B. Iodine
C. Aldehydes
D. Peroxygens
C. Aldehydes
Which of the following does not work by protein denaturization?
A. Alcohol
B. Phenol
C. Peracetic acid
D. Heavy metals
C. Peracetic acid
Which of the following groups would contain pathogens?
A. Mesophiles
B. Thermophiles
C. Hyperthermophiles
D. Psychrotrophs
A. Mesophiles
Which of the following cannot use oxygenic respiration to produce ATP?
A. Obligate aerobes
B. Microaerophiles
C. Facultative anaerobes
D. Obligate anaerobes
E. All can be use oxygenic respiration
E. All can be use oxygenic respiration
Define: Thermal death Point
The temperature at which all organisms are killed in 10 minutes
Define: Thermal death time
The amount of time needed to killed all organisms in a suspension at a given temperature.
Define: Equivalent treatments
The approach control is different but the out come is the same
Define: Decimal reduction
Reducing the population by 90%
Define: Dry heat
Works by oxidation
Define: Moist heat
Works by denature and coagulates protein. (More affected)
Define: Optimal growth range and temperature
When everything is working at it most efficient
Define: growth factor
Got to have it, can’t make it, got to eat it
Define: metabolite
Substance required by organelle that it does synthesize not environment.
Define: Phenol
Works by protein denaturization and membrane disruption
Define: Phenics
Form of phenol works same was phenal
Define: Biphenols
Form of phenol except has 2 works same as phenol
Define: Filtration
Does not kill just physically removes it through pores
List the 5 safety considerations that we discussed.
- Allergic reactions
- Drug interactions
- Damage to host
- Damage to normal flora
- Development of resistant
Why does treating someone with a protozoan, fungal, or helminthic infection pose potential problems?
Because it can cause damage to the host or cause damage to the normal flora
List and explain the 3 categories for risks of infection
Non-critical come in contact with skin
Semi-critical come in contact with mucous membrane
Critical come in contact with deeper tissue
List the 4 factors to consider when choosing a microbial control
- Microbe
- Microbe population
- Environment
- Risk of infection
The decimal reduction rate is the reduction of the microbial population by _____ %
90%
__________ simply physically removes organisms from a liquid or gas’s and therefore has no killing effect. The pore size determines what microbes are removed by this method.
Physical methods
Which of the 4 microbial control is important and why?
Microbe is important because you have to know what your microbe in order to kill it or control it.
Photoautotrophs obtain energy and carbon from ______
Light and inorganic chemical
Photoheterotrophs obtain energy and carbon from
Light and organic chemical
Chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy and carbon from
Inorganic chemical
Chemorganoheterotrophs obtain energy and light from
Organic chemical
____ must use fermentation to produce ATP
Obligate fermentors
From what do chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy their carbon and energy?
Organic chemial
What is active form of an enzyme which includes any coenzymes and cofactors called?
Holoenzyme
Which group of organisms requires oxygen but is inhibited by high concentrations?
Mircroaerohiles
What is the temperature grouping for the highest growth range (70-110)?
Hyperthermophiles
Aldehydes, heavy metals, phenol, moist heat, and gaseous sterilants work by
Protein denaturization
Chlorine, dry heat, iodine, and peroxygens works by
Oxidation
Alcohol denature ____ and dissolve _____
Proteins and lipids
Where does a non-competitive inhibitor bind on an enzyme?
Allosteric site
Which phase is least dependent on the nutrient content of the media?
The phase of prolong
What is the use and purpose of an enrichment culture?
The use is to obtain a sample from of a natural source and the population is to increase the population desired organisms
In the closed system curve above, which 2 phases are directly dependent on the nutrient content of the media?
Log1 phase and lag phase
Which of the following require a high salt content?
A. Halophiles
B. Capnophiles
C. Pedophiles
D. Metanogens
A. Halophiles
Which of the following groups uses inorganic chemicals for both energy and carbon?
A. Photoautotrophs
B. Chemolithautotrophs
C. Chemoorganhetertrophs
B. Chemolithautotrophs
Define the open system
Open system is continuous culture
Define close system
The close system is bath culture no nutrients or waste are removed
Define Lag phase
Gathering resources to reproduce
Define log1 phase
The population is increasing but death rate is slow
Define stationary phase
The population stays the same
Define analogy
The population is decreasing
Define the phase of prolong
The population has declined
List the 5 oxygens and tell if they require oxygen or not.
- Obligate Aerobes-requires oxygen
- Obligate anaerobes- does not require oxygen
- Facultative Anaerobes both ways
- Microarophiles likes a little oxygen requires it but is inhibited by high concentrations
- Obligate fermentors do not care about oxygen
List the 4 pHs and tell where they grow best at.
- Neutophiles is neutral
- Acidophiles grow best below 5.5
- Alkalophiles grow best above 8.5
- Extremophiles grow in extreme environments
What are the 5 growth ranges and tell how they like it.
- Psychrophiles likes it really cold
- Psychrotrophs likes it cold but not that cold
- Mesophiles most common includes human flora and pathogens
- Thermophiles likes it hot
- Hyperthermophiles likes it really hot
Define positive feedback
The products act as input to the system to keep it going. Example child birth
Define negative feedback
The product serve as inhibitors to the system. Example the heat in the house
Sweating
Define active site
Is where it’s going to combine
Define catabolic
Breaking something down
What is anabolic
Building them together
What is competitive inhibition
Products become inhibitors by binding to or near active site
What is non-competitive inhibitions
Products become inhibitors by binding to the allosteric site changing the shape of the enzyme.
Define doubling tie
The time for a population to double in size
Define generation time
The amount of time use to create a generation
Define growth range
The cellular process are growing well enough to where they can reproduce
Define survival range
The survival range in which the organisms can survival
Why can’t people have cross over damage ?
Because we can’t make our own metabolism
List 3 inhibit things that antiviral drugs do
- Inhibits attachment/entry
- Inhibits nucleus acids n synthesis
- Inhibits assembly/release
Do cold inhibits growth?
Yes
What is desiccation?
A removal of water
What is antibiotic n what does it do?
It fights bacteria and isn’t a antibiotic it’s actually a drug
What do antimicrobial drugs do and works on ?
They target certain essential functions of the microbe and works on microbacteria that get inside our cells to live .
What are the 2 controls n what do they do?
- Cidal kills
- Static remains the same
What is radiation?
A non-ionizing and non-pendrating UV ionizing and penetrating blows holes
What is filtration?
Does not kill anything just removes it
