Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychological disorders > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What type of disorder is depression ?

A

mood disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define depression:

A

Depression is a mood disorder that has persistent sad or low mood which is severe enough to impair a person’s interest in, or ability to engage in normal enjoyable activities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Depression

The earlier the age of onset and the more ________ it is usually, the higher the __________.

A

recurrent
genetic loading.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Examples of suicidal gestures include:

A
  1. Wrist slashing
  2. Over-dosing.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Most people suffer for years and don’t present themselves for_______________, they think this is how everyone ______ so never get ________.

Persistent depression

A

treatment
feels
diagnosed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The earlier in life they develop depression, the more___________ the disorder will be for them and the more likely it will be a ___________________.

A

Serious
Life-long struggle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Sometimes depression is misdiagnosed as _________, __________, or a __________disorder due to ___________ and ___________ issues.

Children

A
  1. ADHD
  2. Anxiety
  3. Behavioral disorder
  4. Irritability and concentration issues.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

if someone is diagnosed as depression with psychotic features what kind of symptom might they have ?

A

Hallucinations and or delusions typically these are non-bizarre in nature.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Name the mood disorders:

A
  1. Bipolar
  2. Depression
  3. Persistent depressive disorder
  4. Cyclothymia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Major symptoms of depression:

A
  1. Sleep ( Insomnia or hypersomnia) (earliest symptoms)
  2. Appetite (earliest symptoms)
  3. Libido (earliest symptoms)
  4. Guilt
  5. Sadness
  6. Irritability
  7. Hopelessness
  8. Worthlessness
  9. Helplessness
  10. Weight loss or gain
  11. Physical aches and pains
  12. Difficulty concentrating or making decisions.
  13. Recurring thoughts of death (passive or active suicidal ideation).
  14. Decreased self-esteem.
  15. Anhedonia (inability to enjoy that which was previously enjoyable to them).
  16. Fatigue or loss of energy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Physical symptoms of depression:

A
  1. Weight loss or gain
  2. Physical aches and pains
  3. Libido (earliest symptoms)
  4. Fatigue or loss of energy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cognitive symptoms of depression:

A

1.Difficulty concentrating or making decisions.
2. Recurring thoughts of death (passive or active suicidal ideation).
3. Decreased self-esteem.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Emotional symptoms of depression:

A

1.Guilt
2. Sadness
3. Irritability
4. Hopelessness
5. Worthlessness
6. Helplessness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Behavioral symptoms of depression:

A
  1. Appetite changes (earliest symptoms)
  2. Sleep ( Insomnia or hypersomnia) (earliest symptoms)
  3. Anhedonia (inability to enjoy that which was previously enjoyable to them).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When diagnosing someone for depression you must eliminate:

A
  1. Bereavement
  2. Other medical conditions
  3. Medications as the cause.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How long do symptoms last for it to be considered depression?

A
  1. Must be present for at least two weeks, almost all day, almost every day.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Depression can sometimes spontaneously remit after___________(for mild-moderate only)

A

7-9 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define Anhedonia:

A

Inability to enjoy that which was previously enjoyable to them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

3 facts about severe depression:

Keyword: SEVERE

A
  1. More likely it is to reoccur.
  2. More likely it is to be chronic.
  3. There may be psychotic features
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Earliest symptoms of depression include:

A
  1. Appetite
  2. Libido
  3. Sleep ( Insomnia or hypersomnia)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Depression

Age of onset:
Gender ratio:
Prevalence rate:

A
  1. late 20’s
  2. 2:1 women to men
  3. Prevalence rate: 8%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Over the last 10 years, there’s been a spike in ________ depression.

A

adolescent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Depression

Common comorbid disorders:

A
  1. Anxiety
  2. Substance abuse
  3. Impulse control disorder
  4. Eating disorders.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Depression with seasonal

onset:

A

Fall/Winter
Remission during spring and summer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Post-partum onset:

A

Shortly after birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Post-partum facts:

A
  1. Increased risk for developing depression after childbirth if you’ve been depressed in the past and in particular if you’ve had it during the post-partum period in the past.
  2. Don’t confuse this with Baby/Maternity Blues which is not considered a disorder and affects 80% of women
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What can severe depression cause ?

A

Psychotic features
Suicidal ideation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Common environmental factors that can be the trigger for those predisposed to depression:

A
  1. Prolonged stress
  2. Loss
  3. Grief
  4. Threats to relationships
  5. Health difficulties
  6. Occupational difficulties
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Depression in young children symptoms:

A
  1. Headaches
  2. Stomach aches
  3. Iritability
  4. Hostility
  5. Decline in schoolwork and relationships
  6. May become reckless and impulsive.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Gender ratio of depression in children:

A
  1. Early childhood the gender ratio is the same
  2. Then in teen years, 2:1 girls to boys.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Persistent Depressive Disorder facts:

A
  1. Milder than depression
  2. Has to last 2 years
  3. Often undiagnosed
  4. Not episodic as depression is.
  5. Higher risk for depression.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

__________Fulfils fewer DSM-5 criteria than depression.

A

Persistent Depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Possible biological causes of depression

A
  1. 40% due to genetics
  2. 60% is the environment.
  3. The earlier the age of onset and the more recurrent it is, usually, the higher the genetic loading.
  4. Genetic/inherited predisposition to develop a mood disorder.
  5. Serotonin & Norepinephrine, either levels too low or not being optimally utilized by the post-synaptic neuron.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Neurotransmitters involved in depression:

A

Serotonin & Norepinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

When we talk about the levels of your neurotransmitters not being where they should be, that’s a________ to develop a ________.

A

genetic/inherited predisposition

mood disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Skinner believes that people who experience more punishment than rewards will surround themselves with people who _________ and _________.

A

Put them down and don’t appreciate their strengths.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the different psychological theories on causes of depression:

A
  1. Psychodynamic Theory: Sigmund Freud
  2. Attachment Theory: John Bowlby (1907-1990)
  3. Behavioral Theory: B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)
  4. Learned Helplessness: Martin Seligman (1942- )
  5. Cognitive Theory: Aaron Beck
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Father of Psychodynamic Theory?:

A

Sigmund Freud

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Behavioral Theory was founded by?:

A

B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Who founded Attachment Theory?:

A

John Bowlby (1907-1990)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Who founded Learned Helplessness?:

A

Martin Seligman (1942- )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Who founded Cognitive Theory?:

A

Aaron Beck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Psychodynamic: Freud causes for depression:

A

Anger turned inward after experiencing loss, either real or perceived that they hadn’t emotionally acknowledged.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Example of perceived loss:

A

Parent emotionally unavailable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Freud looked at the behaviors of those who were depressed and thought they were similar to those who were _______.

A

Grieving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

According to Bowlby what causes depression ?

A

Insecure attachment

47
Q

If something goes wrong along the attachment process when the child is very young, Bowlby saw this as :

A

leaving someone vulnerable to depression, anxiety, and attachment issues as adults.

48
Q

According to B.F. Skinner what are the behavioral causes of depression ?

A

As children they may get too many punishments, too few rewards for their behaviors.

49
Q

According to Skinner what happens if you get too many punishments and too few rewards?

A

As adults they duplicate that situation for themselves
(surround themselves with people who put them down and don’t appreciate their strengths).

50
Q

Explain the Learned Helplessness theory for depression: Martin Seligman (1942)

A

Repeated failures or abuse leads to feelings of helplessness and hopelessness, which leads to depression.

51
Q

_______________ Conducted experiment with dogs in 1975.

A

Martin Seligman

52
Q

Beck believed depressed people develop a habit of :

A
  1. Distorted and irrational thinking
  2. All, or nothing (black & white) thinking
  3. Over-generalizing
  4. Catastrophizing
  5. Personalizing
53
Q

Treatment of Depression:

Mild to moderate:
Severe:

A

Mild to moderate: try just CBT or DBT first
Severe: medication & CBT or DBT

54
Q

Name some facts about depression:

Staff

A
  1. It’s estimated that only 50% of those depressed reach out for professional help.
  2. 59% of U.S. mental health drug prescriptions are written by family doctors (PCP), not psychiatrists.
  3. Some people are hesitant to admit that they’re depressed (stigma) or don’t know enough about depression to recognize it.
  4. Some are hesitant to take medication.
  5. Parents hesitant to treat teens with medication.
  6. Psychotherapy may involve insurance coverage disparities.
55
Q

For more severe depression, especially if there’s suicidal ideation, _________will probably be part of the treatment plan from the beginning, along with __________& ___________.

_____________ is crucial, and most often overlooked.

A

Medication
Psychotherapy
Lifestyle change

Lifestyle change

56
Q

Why do parents hesitant to treat teens with medication?

A

Parents often believe that medication will always be part of the treatment when it may only be psychotherapy their child needs.

57
Q

Why isn’t it a good thing for PCP’s to treat depression ?

A

PCPs have very little training in mental health (4-8 weeks, depending upon the medical school).

58
Q

Give example of how someone might treat depression using CBT:

A

.
1.Homework
2. Journal keeping
3. Activity scheduling
4. Assigned readings

59
Q

Define Psychotherapy

A

Psychotherapy is an umbrella term that refers to any type of talk therapy.

60
Q

What is the goal of CBT ?

A
  1. Client becomes aware of how they think.
  2. Learn how to think differently.
  3. Challenge hypothesis of your worse-case scenario.
  4. Identify situations that trigger depressive thoughts and feelings.
  5. Focuses on the here and now, not the past
  6. Identify a couple of specific problems they want to work on
  7. Focuses on increasing chances for rewards and avoiding punishing situations.
  8. Modify thoughts surrounding them or change situation if possible.
61
Q

Behavioral portion of CBT focuses on __________________ and _____________.

A

increasing chances for rewards
avoiding punishing situations.

62
Q

_______________ is Time-limited (specific number of sessions)

A

CBT

63
Q

Who typically conducts psychotherapy ?:

A

Generally delivered by psychologist, or LCSW, and rarely, by a psychiatrist

64
Q

Why don’t psychiatrist conduct psychotherapy ?:

A

They’ve become more diagnosis/medication oriented.

65
Q

Give example of how someone might treat depression using DBT:

A

1.CBT plus Mindfulness Training Skills
2. Distress Tolerance Skills
3. Interpersonal Effectiveness Skills
4. Emotional Regulation Skills

66
Q

Bringing one’s attention to the present moment, both internally and externally.

A

Mindfulness Training Skills

67
Q

Learn to bear pain skillfully, acceptance of reality doesn’t mean approval of reality.

A

Distress Tolerance Skills

68
Q

Interpersonal Effectiveness Skills:

A

Assertiveness training. Most people are either too passive or too aggressive.

69
Q

Learn techniques to regulate emotionality.

A

Emotional Regulation Skills

70
Q

If given to children and teens, small_____________, important to be ___________ very carefully, especially during the__________.

A
  1. Increased risk of suicide
  2. monitored
  3. first month
71
Q

Warnings of SNRI’s and SSRI’s:

A
  1. Never stop medications abruptly, severe anxiety if not weaned off slowly.

2.If given to children and teens, small increased risk of suicide, important to be monitored very carefully, especially during the first month.

72
Q

How often do you meet for psychotherapy when you’re depressed ?

A

Weekly

73
Q

Family history contributes to both ___________ and ___________factors because its a ______________.

A

Genetic and environmental

Learned behavior

74
Q

Both SSRI’s and SNRI’s:

A
  1. Take about 4-6 weeks to work.
  2. Side effects: possible weight gain, decreases libido.
  3. Never stop medications abruptly, severe anxiety if not weaned off slowly.
  4. If given to children and teens, small increased risk of suicide, important to be monitored very carefully, especially during the first month.
75
Q

___________of those with bipolar disorder attempt suicide.

A

50%

76
Q

How does pscyhotherapy work for depression ?

A
  1. Work on more effective ways to deal with environmental factors, lifestyle change
  2. Develop awareness of the effect their thoughts, feelings and behavior are having on themselves and others
  3. Improve social skills deficits and lifestyle that contribute to depression.
77
Q

Biological Treatment for depression includes:

A
  1. SSRI’s
  2. SNRI’s:
78
Q

____________ is appropriate when person also has physical pain.

A

SNRI’s

79
Q

Name the SSRI’s :

A

1.Prozac
2. Lexapro
3. Celexa
4. Zoloft
5. Luvox

80
Q

Which SSRI is commonly used for depression ?

A

Luvox

81
Q

Name the SNRI’s :

A
  1. Cymbalta
  2. Effexor
82
Q

Treatment resistant depression criteria:

A
  1. Suicidal
  2. Severely depressed
  3. Tried everything else and nothing has worked
83
Q

Treatment of treatment resistant depression:

A
  1. TMS
  2. ECT
84
Q

Explain ECT:

A

Shock to brain, done as in-patient

85
Q

Explain TMS:

A

Magnetic paddles on head daily for several weeks, out-patient

86
Q

Name some facts about TMS:

A
  1. This is a noninvasive procedure that uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain to improve symptoms of depression.
  2. This treatment for depression involves delivering repetitive magnetic pulses.
  3. TMS is typically only used for treatment resistant depression with suicidality.
87
Q

Define Suicidal Gestures:

A

A term that refers to attempts at suicide that others mistakenly believe are not serious.

88
Q

If someone has ______________They ARE suicidal

(All attempts should be taken seriously and require immediate attention.)

A

Suicidal gestures

89
Q

Name a statistic about suicide:

A
  1. 2nd leading cause for 10-24 year-olds (accidents is #1)
  2. 10th leading cause of death in US
  3. Unsure of actual rates due to possible misclassification of accidental deaths.
90
Q

Suicidal ideation: It’s a continuum of a feeling ranging from:

A

Passive suicidal ideation to Active suicidal ideation

91
Q

_______of those who commit suicide, made previous attempts.

A

40%

92
Q

What’s the difference between passive suicidal ideation vs active:

A

Passive suicidal ideation: thinking about suicide or wanting to be dead, or more often wanting the pain to stop, but no plan.

Active suicidal ideation: includes plan as to where, how, and sometimes when.

93
Q

Suicide

Gender ratio:

Methods:

A

Gender ratio:

  1. women attempt it 3X more often
  2. men are 3X more likely to die from it

Methods:

  1. Women use: wrist slashing, overdoses
  2. Men use: hanging and fire arms
94
Q

Define Covert suicides:

A

Refers to the METHOD of suicide used that makes it difficult to know if it was a suicide or an accident.

95
Q

What should you do if someone is suicidal?

A
  1. You should respond by erroring on the safe side.
  2. Never leave an actively suicidal person alone (if they have a plan).
96
Q

Covert suicide in children:

A

Children: walk in traffic, fall out of windows.

97
Q

Covert suicide in Adults:

A

Mix drugs, drive into embankment on dark rainy night

98
Q

Name some facts about suicidal ideation:

A
  1. Most people who are suicidal tell at least one other person.
  2. Often the person doesn’t take them seriously, or refuses to get involved, or tells them they’ll feel better in the morning, etc.
99
Q

________of those who attempt suicide are ____________.

A

90%
severely depressed

100
Q

Risk factors of suicide:

A
  1. Family history of suicide.
  2. Severely depressed
  3. Previous attempts
  4. Substance abuse
  5. Existence of mood disorders such as depression, bipolar, substance abuse, conduct disorder.
  6. Availability of firearms!!!!
  7. Those who have just experienced sudden untimely death of someone close to them
101
Q

Ways to prevent suicide:

Training staff

A
  1. Preventing Suicidal Contagion (copy-cat suicides)
  2. Crises intervention:
  3. Concentration on high-risk groups
  4. Contract for Safety
  5. Treatment after attempts
  6. In schools, train all staff to recognize depression
    Train students to report suicidal ideation of classmates.
102
Q

Define contract for safety:

A

Short term promise made to not harm themselves

103
Q

Immediate events that typically precipitate suicide attempts in those with serious mental health diagnoses:

A
  1. Relationship break-ups
  2. Interpersonal problems
  3. Financial difficulties
104
Q

Creative population: They have higher rates of all ______________.

A

Mood disorders

105
Q

Which populations are the most effected by suicide?:

A

Ethnicity:Whites and Native Americans.

106
Q

Biological influences on suicide:

A

Low levels of serotonin (as in depression)

107
Q

Biological influences on suicide include low levels of serotonin but this alone, must be coupled with ________ and _________ tendencies, even if __________ is towards the self, not others.

A

impulsivity and aggressive
aggression

108
Q

Concentration on high-risk groups of suicide include:

A
  1. Those who have just experienced sudden untimely death of someone close to them
  2. Those with previous attempts
  3. Children of parents who committed suicide
  4. Those struggling with substance abuse
  5. In schools
109
Q

Crisis intervention for suicide include:

A
  1. Suicide hotlines
  2. Hospital emergency rooms
110
Q

Define Suicidal Contagion:

A

When the media or schools portray the person who committed suicide as a martyr, or a perfect person, or that the suicide came out of the blue, it can cause copy-cat behavior for those already suicidal.

111
Q

Rules for Preventing Suicidal Contagion (copy-cat suicides):

A
  1. Don’t plant trees, don’t buy benches
  2. Don’t encourage school-based memorials
  3. Do reach out to those who were close to the person
  4. Do offer treatment for those identified as at-risk
112
Q

Studies found that those released from in-patient care often are at ___________ for _________ upon returning home.

A

High risk

Another attempt

113
Q

Treatment after attempts include:

A
  1. The person is usually hospitalized until they’re no longer a threat to themselves.
  2. Should be gradually transitioned back to school or work, with built-in support system. This rarely happens.

Psychological disorders (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions