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Psychological disorders > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

Learn all terms for the test and the facts

1
Q

Define Affect:

A

Clinical term for feelings or emotions.

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2
Q

Define Labeling:

A

A term that refers to the practice of referring to individuals by their disorder, rather than who they are.

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3
Q

Give an example of labeling

A

An Autistic child. This is inappropriate and demeans the individual. Instead, label the behavior or disorder. A child with Autism. Rather than, the schizophrenic, we should say, the person with schizophrenia.

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4
Q

Define Comorbidity:

A

The presence of two or more disorders diagnosed at the same time.

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5
Q

Give an example of comorbidity:

A

Example: Schizophrenia & Depression. We would say, “The client has schizophrenia and is comorbid for depression”.

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6
Q

Define Multi-determined:

A

The notion that all disorders have multiple causes or etiologies.

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7
Q

Define Off-Label:

A

The practice of prescribing medications for a different disorder than the one for which the medication was designed, or for a population (age group) for which it was not initially intended. It’s done all the time. It’s acceptable practice.

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8
Q

Give example of Off label

A

Example: Drugs that are used to treat psychotic disorders, referred to as antipsychotics, are also anticonvulsants, used to treat seizures.

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9
Q

What are psychotropic medications ? What do they do ?

A

Any medication that treats mood, cognition (thoughts), and/or behavior.

Psychotropic Medication works on changing the levels of our neurotransmitters (chemicals in the brain that help neural transmission).

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10
Q

_________ now has a separate subset of criteria for children under 6.

A

PSTD

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11
Q

Define Etiology:

A

Clinical term for the causes of disorders.

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12
Q

Define prognosis:

A

An estimate of how a person will function in the future.

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13
Q

Define Neurotransmitters:

A

chemicals in the brain that transmit signals across the synapse of the neurons, from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic neuron.

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14
Q

Define Psychotherapy/Counseling:

A

A generic term referring to any type of talk therapy.

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15
Q

Define Therapist/Counselor:

A

A term referring to the person who conducts the counseling or therapy session.

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16
Q

Define psychoanalysis:

A

A very specific type of psychotherapy using classical Freudian techniques.

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17
Q

Define psychoanalyst:

A

The therapist who conducts psychoanalysis.

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18
Q

Define Primary Care Physicians:

A

A medical doctor who sees patients that have common medical problems. The PCP is often involved in patient care over a long period of time. This is generally the first person you might see when not feeling well.

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19
Q

Define Psychiatrist:

A

A licensed physician (medical doctor) who typically diagnoses and prescribes medication for individuals with psychiatric disorders.

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20
Q

What can psychiatrist do ?

A

1.They are certified to practice psychotherapy, but typically don’t. They tend to refer the patient to a psychologist or LCSW, with whom they work collaboratively.
2.Diagnosing mental disorders
3.prescribing psychotropic medications.

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21
Q

Define Psychologist:

A

An individual who has earned their Doctoral degree (Ph.D., Psy.D.) in psychology.

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22
Q

What can a licensed psychologist do ?

A
  1. Practice psychotherapy independently
  2. Diagnose patients
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23
Q

Are all psychologist licensed?

A

NO

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24
Q

What can’t psychologist do ?

A

They can’t prescribe medication in most states including NY

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25
Q

Define Licensed Clinical Social Worker:

A

An individual who’s successfully completed a 60 credit graduate program in social work.

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26
Q

How can you become a LCSW ?

A
  1. Complete 60 credit graduate course in social work
  2. Complete 3000 post graduate hours
  3. Pass licensing exam
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27
Q

What can licensed LCSW do ?

A

1.Can legally practice psychotherapy independently & diagnose patients
2.Coordinate outreach services for patients/clients.

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28
Q

What can’t licensed clinical social workers do ?

A

Prescribe medication

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29
Q

Where do licensed clinical social workers typically work ?

A

They often work in hospitals, clinics or private practice.

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30
Q

Define Licensed Mental Health Counselor:

A

An individual who’s successfully completed a 60 credit graduate program in mental health counseling.

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31
Q

How can you become a Licensed Mental Health Counselor ?

A
  1. Complete a 60 credit graduate program
  2. Complete 3000 post graduate training
    3.Pass licensing exam
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32
Q

What can LMHC do ?

A

Legally practice independently & diagnose patients

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33
Q

Where do LMHC typically work ?

A

They most often work in clinics.

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34
Q

What’s a downside to getting an LMHC license ?

A

This certification/license exists in New York but does not exist in every state.

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35
Q

Can MHC prescribe medication ?

A

NO

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36
Q

Define School Psychologist:

A

An individual who’s successfully completed a 60 credit graduate program in school psychology.

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37
Q

What do you need to become a school psychologist ?

A
  1. 60 credit graduate program in school psychology
    2.1200 pre-graduate training
    3.Certification
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38
Q

What can a school psychologist do ?

A
  1. Conduct psychological evaluations
  2. Counseling
  3. Classify students so they may be eligible for special education services in schools.
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39
Q

They’re the only mental health professionals who can classify students so they may be eligible for special education services in schools.

A

School psychologist

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40
Q

What can’t school psychologist do ?

A
  1. Practice outside of the school setting

2.Prescribe medication

3.Diagnose

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41
Q

Can PCP prescribe medication ?

A

Yes

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42
Q

Define Abnormal Behavior:

A

1.Behavior inconsistent with the person’s developmental, cultural, or their societal norms.
2.Symptoms must create emotional distress & interfere with their daily functioning.

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43
Q

What are the two perspectives of abnormal behavior ?

A

Individual and cultural

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44
Q

Define the 2 perspective of abnormal behavior:

A

Individual: how much distress they’re experiencing, how much it gets in the way of functioning.

Cultural: how much behavior deviates from norm in a negative way

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45
Q

How are abnormal behaviors diagnosed ?

A

Assessments

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46
Q

CBT has clients do what:

A

1.Complete homework of keeping track of thoughts and feelings through the use of a journal.
2. Testing their hypotheses (think they can’t talk to a stranger, test out hypothesis by talking to strangers)
3.Activity Scheduling

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47
Q

Define Assessment:

A

Evaluation of Distress , Capabilities and Personality

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48
Q

This method is always used to diagnose abnormalities

A

Clinical interview

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49
Q

Types of assessments include:

A

1.Clinical interview
2.IQ tests
3.Personality tests
4.Depression inventories
5. DSM-5: manual

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50
Q

These methods are sometimes used in
private practice but always used in school.

A

1.IQ tests
2. Personality tests
3. Depression inventories

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51
Q

Define DSM-5:

A

Manual used by clinicians to diagnose someone.

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52
Q

Who publishes the DSM-5?

A

American Psychiatric Association.

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53
Q

Name 3 reasons we conduct assessment/evaluation:

A

1.To form diagnosis
2. To form treatment plan
3. For clinician to get paid by insurance company

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54
Q

Define Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD):

A

A disorder that involved obsessions and compulsions to the point that it gets in the way of their functioning & causes distress.

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55
Q

Define Obsession:

A

Recurrent and intrusive

thoughts, urges, images.

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56
Q

Define Compulsions:

A

Repetitive behaviors the individual feels compelled to do in response to the obsessions they have.

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57
Q

What are common obsessions ?

A

1.Contamination
2. Fear that we didn’t lock something
3. Fear that we calculated figures incorrectly
4. Intrusive sexually explicit violent thoughts and images.

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58
Q

OCD is no longer classified as ___________ in DSM-5 since 2013. Now with separate category with disorders like ___________

A

OCD is no longer classified as anxiety disorder in DSM-5 since 2013. Now with separate category with disorders like hoarding & skin picking.

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59
Q

2 factors of OCD are :

A

Obsessions and Compulsions

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60
Q

Comorbidity of OCD:

A.50% have anxiety or depression
B. 50% have anxiety or depression or become teen substance abuse
C.80% have anxiety disorders, substance use or depression

A

A. 50% have either another anxiety disorder, or depression

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61
Q

Age of onset FOR OCD:

A.18-23
B. 18-24
C. 12 Years
D. 7-8 Years

A

A.18-23

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62
Q

Gender ratio for OCD:

A

Gender ratio: 1:1

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63
Q

Prevalence rate OF OCD:

A.2%
B.10%
C.2-3%
D.7%
E.9%
F.5%

A

A.2%

64
Q

Treatment of OCD Include:

A
  1. Medication: usually SSRI’s, particularly Luvox
  2. Psychotherapy: ERT (Exposure, Response therapy)
65
Q

Define Anxiety Disorders:

A

Common disorder characterized by cognitive, physical and behavioral symptoms that are so severe they cause distress and get in the way of functioning.

66
Q

Fight/Flight/Freeze response:

A

a response that is activated by Sympathetic Nervous system in response to an objective (real) threat. Release abundance of adrenaline. Short lived. De-activated by parasympathetic Nervous system. With anxiety disorders, the patient experiences these symptoms when there’s no real threat.

67
Q

Name the types of anxiety disorders:

A
  1. Generalized anxiety disorder
  2. Panic disorder
    3.Social anxiety disorder
    4.Specific phobias
68
Q

Affect can be _____,______ or ________.

A

Normal, blunted, or flat.

69
Q

What are the symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?

A

1.At least 6 months of uncontrollable rumination about past, current, and future situations.
2.Muscle tension
3.Restlessness
4.Sleep disturbance,
5. Keyed up
6. Easily fatigued
7.Difficulty concentrating
8.Irritability
9.Inability to tolerate uncertainty.

70
Q

Typical age of onset for GAD is:

A.18-23
B. 18-24
C. 12 Years
D. 7-8 Years

A

A.18-23

71
Q

Prevalence Rate of GAD :

A.2%
B.10%
C.2-3%
D.7%
E.9%
F.5%

A

B.10%

72
Q

Gender ratio of GAD:

A

2:1 women to men

73
Q

Why is GAD’s gender ratio the way it is ?

A

Gender ratio may be distorted because women visit doctor more often, more likely to be diagnosed, women used different words to describe symptoms, bias on the part of the clinicians

74
Q

Define Panic Disorder:

A

The person has frequent panic attacks, and they worry about having future attacks.

75
Q

Panic Attack symptoms include:

A

Sudden onset of extreme symptoms that mimic a heart attack

1.Shortness of breath
2.Dizziness
3. Choking
4. Chest pains
5. Nausea.
Lasts up to 20-30 minutes though they reach their peak at around 10 minutes.

76
Q

Prevalence Rate of Panic Disorder:

A.2%
B.10%
C.2-3%
D.7%
E.9%
F.5%

A

C. 2-3%

77
Q

Age on onset for Panic disorder:

A.18-23
B. 18-24
C. 12 Years
D. 7-8 Years

A

B.18-24

78
Q

Gender Ratio for panic disorder is:

A

2:1 woman to men

79
Q

What is the percentage of people who have panic attacks in their lifetime ?

A

30%

80
Q

Define Social Anxiety Disorder:

A

1.Severe fear of social or performance situations

2.Fear that they will behave in a way that’s humiliating or embarrassing.

  1. They feel they’re being scrutinized.
81
Q

What are some common fears for adults and teens who struggle with social anxiety ?

A

Common social fear in adults: Public speaking.
Common social fear in teens: Initiating and maintaining conversations.

82
Q

Age of onset for Social Anxiety Disorder

A.18-23
B. 18-24
C. 12 Years
D. 7-8 Years

A

C.12 years

83
Q

Prevalence rate for Social Anxiety Disorder ?

A.2%
B.10%
C.2-3%
D.7%
E.9%
F.5%

A

D.7%

84
Q

Gender ratio for Social Anxiety Disorder:

A

1:1

85
Q

Comorbidity for Social Anxiety Disorder (provide percentage):

A

50% have another
1. Anxiety disorder
2. Depression
3. Once become teen-substance abuse

86
Q

Do people with Social Anxiety respond well to treatment ? What happens without treatment?

A
  1. Yes, they responds well to treatment.
  2. Without treatment, Social Anxiety Disorder often gets worse because they avoid social situations from a young age and never learn the skills necessary to work their way through recovery.
  3. Leads to a cycle where they avoid others, then others avoid them and in doing so, reinforces our feelings and thoughts that we can’t be social.
87
Q

What happens if someone with Social anxiety doesn’t get treated ?

A

If not treated usually gets much worse.

88
Q

Define Specific Phobias

A

Severe and persisten unreasonable fear of an event, object or situation that leads to significant disruption of functioning.

89
Q

What are some common phobias?

A
  1. An Animal
  2. Heights
90
Q

Age of onset for Phobias

A.18-23
B. 18-24
C. 12 Years
D. 7-8 Years

A

D.Childhood 7 or 8 yrs

91
Q

Prevalence rate of Phobias:

A.2%
B.10%
C.2-3%
D.7%
E.9%
F.5%

A

E.9%

92
Q

Gender ratio for Phobias:

A

2:1 females to males

93
Q

Most people with phobia _________________________

A

Most people with phobia has not had bad experiences with the phobia.

94
Q

Define Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD):

A

PTSD follows the experience or witnessing of a traumatic event that threatens death or serious injury.

95
Q

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is No longer categorized as an _________________in the DSM-5. It’s in a new category because it has many _____________type symptoms such as _____________ , _______________, and __________________.

A

Anxiety, Non-anxiety,

dissociation, anger, self destructive behavior.

96
Q

PTSD is now in _______________ category

A

Trauma and Stress-Related Disorders

97
Q

Examples of PTSD include:

A
  1. Military combat
  2. Rape
  3. Natural disasters
  4. Prisoner of war
  5. Assault
  6. Unexpected untimely death of a loved one
  7. Witnessing any of these events; including 9/11, school and other mass shootings.
98
Q

Core Symptoms of PTSD

A

1.Cognitively and emotionally re-experiences the event (AKA, flashbacks)
2.Numbing; diminished capacity to experience joy or sadness.
3.Nightmares about event
4.Hyper-vigilance-define
5.Avoid anything that’s similar to traumatic event

99
Q

PTSD

Prevalence:
A.2%
B.10%
C.2-3%
D.7%
E.9%
F.5%

A

F.5%

100
Q

PTSD Onset:

A

can be immediately after the event, or delayed onset.

101
Q

PTSD
Onset:

A

Onset can be immediately after the event, or delayed onset.

102
Q

Psychodynamic therapy concentrates on these experiences:

A

1.early childhood experiences
2.dream interpretation
3.and your use of defense mechanisms.

103
Q

PTSD
Gender ratio:

A.2:1 Women to men
B.2:1 Men to Women
C.1:1 Women to men
D. 1:1 Men to Women

A

A. 2:1 women to men

104
Q

PTSD

Comorbidity:

Also include percentage of people.

A

80% have either
1. Depression
2. Other anxiety disorders
3. Substance abuse disorder.

105
Q

Biological Etiology of Anxiety

A
  1. Genes we inherit create likelihood to affect the neurotransmitters involved in anxiety.
  2. Serotonin: too low levels or not utilized by post synaptic neuron properly
  3. Norepinephrine: too low levels
106
Q

What does the psychodynamic theory say about GAD and specific phobias ?

A

1.Freud believed unconscious conflict between Id impulses & the Superego.

  1. Freud believed that whatever we’re afraid of has some symbolic representation, often related to a sexual impulse we’re repressing.
107
Q

3 theories for Psychological Etiology of Anxiety disorder include:

A
  1. Psychodynamic Theory
  2. Behavioral Theory
  3. Cognitive Theory
108
Q

What did Watson believe about the Behavioral Theory?

A

Watson believed we could be conditioned to fear things.

109
Q

Behavioral Theory of anxiety was by ___________ and they believed ___________________

A

Watson believed we could be conditioned to fear things.

110
Q

The little Albert experiment did what?

A

Condition child to be afraid of something that they weren’t afraid of before.

111
Q

Who created Cognitive Behavioral Theory and what did they believe ?

A

Beck believed anxious people have faulty/distorted way of thinking that makes neutral situations into negative ones.

112
Q

What causes anxiety ?

A

Biological, psychological, and cognitive factors.

113
Q

__________ % of population has a anxiety disorder in their lifetime.

A

30%

114
Q

Medications for Anxiety Disorders include:

A
  1. SSRI’s; Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors.
    2.SNRI’s: Serotonin, Norepinephrine, Reuptake Inhibitors
  2. NDRI’s: Norepinephrine, Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors.
  3. Benzodiazepines
115
Q

What does SSRI’s do ?

A

They increase the levels of serotonin (a neurotransmitter) available in the synapse, to decrease anxiety.

116
Q

Name medications that are longterm treatment for anxiety :

A

1.SSRI’s; Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors.
2. SNRI’s: Serotonin, Norepinephrine, Reuptake Inhibitors
3. NDRI’s: Norepinephrine, Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors.

117
Q

What does SSRI mean ?

A

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors

118
Q

What does SNRI mean ?

A

Serotonin, Norepinephrine, Reuptake Inhibitors

119
Q

What does NDRI mean ?

A

NDRI’s: Norepinephrine, Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors.

120
Q

What does SNRI’s do ?

A

Increases both serotonin and norepinephrine

121
Q

What does NDRI do ?

A

Increases both norepinephrine & dopamine

122
Q

How does Benzodiazepines work?

A

They work by increasing GABA levels

123
Q

T or F

SSRI,SNRI’S & NDRI’s are all anti depressants.

A

True

124
Q

Which medications take 4-6 weeks to work ?

A

1.SSRI’s; Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors.
2. SNRI’s: Serotonin, Norepinephrine, Reuptake Inhibitors
3. NDRI’s: Norepinephrine, Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors.

125
Q

_______________ work best when coupled with psychotherapy.

A

SSRI’s

126
Q

Name some SSRI medications

A
  1. Lexapro
  2. Zoloft
  3. Prozac
  4. Luvox
  5. Celexa
  6. Paxil
127
Q

Name some SNRI medications

A

1.Effexor
2.Cymbalta

128
Q

____________ Also addresses physical pain associated with anxiety

A

SNRI’s

129
Q

Negative side effect of NDRI’s :

A

It increases anxiety for some people, must be carefully monitored.

130
Q

What else can NDRI’s do ?

A

Decreases cravings and withdrawal symptoms so often prescribed for smoking cessation.

131
Q

Example of NDRI:

A
  1. Wellbutrin
132
Q

Years back (1970’s & 1980’s people were regularly prescribed these drugs for long term use in treating anxiety.

A

Benzodiazepines

133
Q

1.Short term situational use
2. They slow down the whole CNS.
3. They have a rapid release

A

Benzodiazepines

134
Q

What else can Benzodiazepines do?

A

1.Promotes sleep
2. Used as a pre-operative sedative.
3. Used in dental surgery as an adjunct to anesthetic.

135
Q

___________ should be used primarily for dealing with situations we don’t have to deal with on a daily basis, such as a fear of flying.

A

Benzodiazepines

136
Q

What are some warnings about Benzodiazepines?

A

1.Not for long term use
2. Quickly build up tolerance
3. Dangerous when combined with alcohol or other drugs, particularly alcohol.

137
Q

Examples of Benzodiazepines include:

A

1.Xanax
2.Valium
3.Ativan
4.Klonopin

138
Q

Types of Psychological Treatment of Anxiety Disorders include:

A

1.Psychodynamic Therapy
2.Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
3.Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)

139
Q

Who created CBT ?

A

Aaron Beck created theory and treatment.

140
Q

Who created DBT?

A

Marsha Linehan

141
Q

Who created Psychodynamic theory ?

A

Sigmund Freud

142
Q

What does Psychodynamic therapy do?

A

Concentrates on bringing what’s in our unconscious, into our consciousness

143
Q

What does CBT do ?

A

Combines cognitive approach
1.(changing your thinking),
2.with behavioral approach (facing your fears through gradual exposure to the feared situation
3. while maintaining relaxed state).

144
Q

What does DBT do ?

A

1.Combines traditional CBT for emotional regulation
2.with concepts of mindfulness awareness,
3.distress tolerance,
4.interpersonal effectiveness,
5.and emotional regulation skills.

145
Q

____________ therapy concentrates on early childhood experiences, dream interpretation, and your use of defense mechanisms. Not widely used today in its purest form, but some therapists use Freud’s basic tenets; recognizing the existence of the id, ego, and superego, & examining the use of defense mechanisms to ward off anxiety.

A

Psychodynamic theory

146
Q

________________ therapy encourages client to complete homework of keeping track of thoughts and feelings through the use of a journal. Testing their hypotheses (think they can’t talk to a stranger, test out hypothesis by talking to strangers). Activity Scheduling

A

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

147
Q

_______________ is now used for Borderline patients, anxiety, depression, self-harming and suicidality.
It’s not used as often as traditional CBT because it takes more training on the part of the therapist.

A

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)

148
Q

How was DBT developed ?

A

Marsha discovered that (CBT) alone didn’t work with patients with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). She added other techniques and developed DBT.

149
Q

What is DBT used for now?

A
  1. Borderline patients
    2.Anxiety
    3.Depression
    4.Self-harming
    5.Suicidality.
150
Q

Define hyper-vigilance

A

A state of heightened awareness and watchfulness.

151
Q

This is a normal, adaptive, evolutionary reaction to when we would fight for survival in the wild or flee a situation.

A

Fight , Flight , Freeze

152
Q

What are some physical symptoms of anxiety ?

A

Physical symptoms:
1. ringing in the ears
2.muscle tension
3.stomach distress
4. blushing
5.Nausea
6.Frequent urination
7.Elevated blood pressure
8.Heart rate increases
9.Sweating.
10.Irritability

Young children typically have headaches and/or stomach aches.

153
Q

What are some cognitive symptoms of anxiety?

A

1.Ruminations
2. Unreasonable worry
3.Difficulty concentrating
4. Difficulty making decisions.
5. Children experience free floating anxiety

154
Q

What are some behavioral symptoms of anxiety ?

A

Behavioral symptoms:

1.Escape or avoidance of object, event, or situation that’s anxiety provoking.
2.Some people freeze in the face of anxiety.

155
Q

A neurotransmitter called ____________ plays a part in regulating mood, thoughts, and behavior and works in the __________ part of the brain.

A

Serotonin, cerebral cortex.

156
Q

Give examples of “faulty thinking”:

A
  1. “My heart is racing, therefore, I’m having a heart attack”.
  2. “I have to give a speech Everyone will laugh and think I’m dumb”.
  3. “I have to go to that party. No one will talk to me”

Psychological disorders (6 decks)

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