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Psychological disorders > Chapter 1-4 > Flashcards

Chapter 1-4 Flashcards

Studying and understanding abnormal behavior

1
Q

Why it’s important to define abnormality?

A
  1. So that we have a dialogue using consistent and common language. If we say someone is depressed, as a professional, you would know what many of the symptoms are.

2.Classification is the core of science. If we don’t organize patterns of behavior, we can’t communicate findings to each other.

3.So that we can move towards understanding/studying these disorders.

4.Understanding is the first step towards treatment.

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2
Q

Define abnormal behavior

A

Behavior that is inconsistent with the person’s developmental, cultural, or their societal norms. The symptoms also have to create emotional distress and interfere with their daily functioning.

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3
Q

What are the 2 different perspectives of looking at abnormal behavior ?

A

1.The Individual’s Perspective
2.The Cultural and Developmental Perspective

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4
Q

Define the individuals perspective

A

1.The extent to which the person experiences internal distress due to their symptoms.
2.The extent to which that distress causes them disability in their functioning.

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5
Q

What do we mean by the Cultural and Developmental Perspective?

A

1.How much does their behavior differ from the cultural norm.
2.Developmentally, we look at behavior as compared to others their age.

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6
Q

The deviation from the norm must be on the __________side.

A

Negative

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7
Q

A term that refers to the practice of referring to individuals by their disorder, rather than who they are.
Examples: An Autistic child. This is inappropriate and demeans the individual. Instead, label the behavior or disorder. A child with Autism. Rather than, the schizophrenic, we should say, the person with schizophrenia.

A

Labeling

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8
Q

An individual who’s successfully completed a 60 credit graduate program in school psychology. After completing pre-graduate training (1200 hours) and becoming certified, they can work as school-based psychologists who conduct psychological evaluations and do counseling. They’re the only mental health professionals who can classify students so they may be eligible for special education services in schools. They can’t practice outside of the school setting, or prescribe medication, and can’t diagnose. However, if they go on for their doctorate and get their psychologist’s license, then they can practice independently and diagnose patients.

A

School Psychologist

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9
Q

Licensed Mental Health Counselor

A

An individual who’s successfully completed a 60 credit graduate program in mental health counseling. MHC can legally practice independently & diagnose patients after they’ve completed their post-graduate training (3,000 hours) and then pass a licensing exam. They most often work in clinics. This certification/license exists in New York but does not exist in every state. They can’t prescribe medication.

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10
Q

Licensed Clinical Social Worker

A

An individual who’s successfully completed a 60 credit graduate program in social work. Social workers can legally practice independently & diagnose patients after they’ve completed their post-graduate training (3,000 hours) and then pass a licensing exam. They often work in hospitals, clinics or private practice. They are experts at coordinating outreach services for patients/clients. They can’t prescribe medication.

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11
Q

An individual who’s successfully completed a 60 credit graduate program in social work. Social workers can legally practice independently & diagnose patients after they’ve completed their post-graduate training (3,000 hours) and then pass a licensing exam. They often work in hospitals, clinics or private practice. They are experts at coordinating outreach services for patients/clients. They can’t prescribe medication.

A

Licensed Clinical Social Worker

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12
Q

An individual who has earned their Doctoral degree (Ph.D., Psy.D.) in psychology. They can legally practice independently if they become licensed. Not all psychologists are licensed, some who are academics or researchers may decide not to be licensed. The license is what allows them to practice psychotherapy, & diagnose patients, but in most states, including NY, they can’t prescribe medication.

A

Psychologist

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13
Q

Psychiatrist

A

A licensed physician (medical doctor) who typically diagnoses and prescribes medication for individuals with psychiatric disorders. They are certified to practice psychotherapy, but typically don’t. They tend to refer the patient to a psychologist or LCSW, with whom they work collaboratively. They’re experts at diagnosing and prescribing psychotropic medications.

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14
Q

Clinical term for feelings or emotions.

A

Affect

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15
Q

Affect can be

A

Normal, Blunted, or Flat.

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16
Q

Comorbidity

A

The presence of two or more disorders diagnosed at the same time.

Example: Schizophrenia & Depression. We would say, “The client has schizophrenia and is comorbid for depression”.

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17
Q

Off-Label

A

The practice of prescribing medications for a different disorder than the one for which the medication was designed, or for a population (age group) for which it was not initially intended. It’s done all the time. It’s acceptable practice.
Example: Drugs that are used to treat psychotic disorders, referred to as antipsychotics, are also anticonvulsants, used to treat seizures.

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18
Q

Define Neurotransmitters

A

chemicals in the brain that transmit signals across the synapse of the neurons, from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic neuron.

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19
Q

Amedical doctor who sees patients that have common medical problems. The PCP is often involved in patientcareover a long period of time. This is generally the first person you might see when not feeling well. They can prescribe all types of medication.

A

Primary Care Physicians

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20
Q

Psychotropic Medications

A

Any medication that treats mood, cognition (thoughts), and/or behavior.

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21
Q

Clinical term for the causes of disorders.

A

Etiology

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22
Q

Prognosis is

A

An estimate of how a person will function in the future.

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23
Q

A generic term referring to any type of talk therapy. For our purposes this term, we will use the terms interchangeably.

A

Psychotherapy/Counseling

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24
Q

A term referring to the person who conducts the counseling or therapy session. For our purposes this term, we will use the terms interchangeably.

A

Therapist/Counselor: A term referring to the person who conducts the counseling or therapy session. For our purposes this term, we will use the terms interchangeably.

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25
Q

A very specific type of psychotherapy using classical Freudian techniques.

A

Psychoanalysis

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26
Q

The therapist who conducts psychoanalysis.

A

Psychoanalyst

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27
Q

What is Anxiety?

A

Anxiety is a common emotion characterized by physical, cognitive, and emotional symptoms; future oriented thoughts (constant worry about what’s going to happen), and escape or avoidance behavior related to situations that individuals think may be anxiety provoking for them (they avoid what makes them anxious).

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28
Q

Explain the Fight or Flight Response

A

The sympathetic nervous system is activated by fear. Beginning in the hypothalamus, it sends a message to the adrenal glands to release a hormone called adrenaline. Adrenaline makes us more alert, stronger, faster. Do super-human things.

Heart rate, blood pressure and respiration temporarily increase (physical symptoms). It’s a time-limited response. Then the parasympathetic nervous system returns the body to a normal state.

This is a normal, adaptive, evolutionary reaction to when we would fight for survival in the wild or flee a situation.
This same physiological system is involved in anxiety disorders, except in anxiety, there is no real objective threat.

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29
Q

Ringing in the ears, muscle tension, irritability, stomach distress, blushing, nausea, frequent urination, elevated blood pressure, heart rate increases, sweating. Young children typically have headaches and/or stomach aches.

These are all _________ symptoms of :

A

Physical symptoms of anxiety

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30
Q

Explain Cognitive symptoms of Anxiety

A

can be specific thoughts, ruminations, images, impulses, or unreasonable worry (negative expectations about the future), difficulty concentrating, making decisions. Young children typically don’t worry in the same way adults do because worry involves metacognition (thinking about our thinking). Their anxiety consists of more physical symptoms and a free-floating anxiety. They’re not sure why they’re anxious.

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31
Q

Anxiety has 3 categories of symptoms . What are they?

A

Physical, Cognitive, & Behavioral

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32
Q

Explain Behavioral symptoms of anxiety

A

Escape or avoidance of object, event, or situation that’s anxiety provoking. This brings temporary relief, but in the long run it increases anxiety because it’s a negative reinforcement. We say to ourselves, “I feel better that I didn’t do it”. Some people freeze in the face of anxiety. Ex: Your child who can’t swim falls in the water, and you can’t move to help them.

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33
Q

Along with _____________ , ____________________s are the most commonly diagnosed group of disorders. 30% of people will suffer from one of the anxiety disorders in their lifetime.

A

1.Depression
2.Anxiety disorder

34
Q

When anxiety is said to be free-floating what does it mean?

A

The person is not sure exactly why they’re anxious.

35
Q

Excessive worry occurring more days than not for at least 6 months. Uncontrollable ruminations about past, current, and future situations.

A

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

36
Q

The person has frequent panic attacks, and they worry about having future attacks.

A

Panic Disorder

37
Q

Name some statistics about panic disorder

A

Prevalence Rate of Panic Disorder: Affects about 2-3% of population.
Typical age on onset: young adulthood 18-24.
Gender Ratio: 2:1 woman to men

38
Q

What is Social Anxiety Disorder? (Social Phobia)

A

Severe fear of social or performance situations, characterized by fear that they will behave in a way that’s humiliating or embarrassing. They feel they’re being scrutinized by others.

39
Q

Name some statistics about social anxiety disorder?

A

Typical age of onset: Early Adolescence; 12 years old
Prevalence Rate: Affects about 7% of population
Gender ratio: 1:1 women to men

Comorbidity: Over 50% of people with social anxiety disorder also have another anxiety disorder (often GAD) depression & substance abuse.

Without treatment, Social Anxiety Disorder often gets worse because they avoid social situations from a young age and never learn the skills necessary to work their way through recovery. Leads to a cycle where they avoid others, then others avoid them and in doing so, reinforces our feelings and thoughts that we can’t be social

40
Q

Severe and persistent unreasonable fear of an event, object or situation that leads to significant disruption of functioning.

A

Specific Phobia

41
Q

To be diagnosed as a______, it must cause severe emotional distress and has to cause a disruption or decline in everyday functioning. We all have fears, most of us can navigate around them.

A

Phobia

42
Q

_____________________ is no longer categorized as an anxiety disorder in the DSM-5. It’s in a new category called _______________, along with Reactive Attachment Disorder, Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder, Acute Stress Disorder, & Adjustment Disorder.

A

1.Post Traumatic Stress Disorde

2.Trauma and Stress-Related Disorders,

43
Q

_____________ often manifests with non-anxiety type symptoms such as dissociative experiences, anger outbursts, and self-destructive behavior.

A

PTSD

44
Q

Name some symptoms of PTSD

A

1.Cognitively and emotionally re-experiences the event (AKA, flashbacks)
2.Numbing; diminished capacity to experience joy or sadness.
3.Nightmares about event
4.Hyper-vigilance; being on alert
5.Avoid anything that’s similar to traumatic event

45
Q

Name some facts about PTSD

A

1.Comorbidity: 80% have either depression, other anxiety disorders or substance abuse disorder.
2.Onset: can be immediately after the event, or delayed onset.
2.Gender ratio: 2:1 women to men
3.Prevalence rate: Affects 5% of population.

46
Q

chemicals in the brain responsible for transmitting messages from presynaptic neurons (sending neurons) to postsynaptic neurons (receiving neurons).

A

Neurotransmitters

47
Q

A neurotransmitter called _________plays a part in regulating mood, thoughts, and behavior.

A

Serotonin

48
Q

Where does serotonin work ?

A

The cerebral cortex

49
Q

What happens if serotonin levels are low ?

A

If serotonin levels are too low, or the post synaptic neuron (receiving cell) is not absorbing the serotonin properly, it can contribute to anxiety.

50
Q

Genetics are…

A

The genes we inherit, or genetic mutations in utero, predispose us or produces the vulnerability that sets the stage for the development of anxiety disorders.

51
Q

There are two major neurotransmitters involved in anxiety disorders. What are they ?

A

Serotonin and GABA

52
Q

GABA works in the

A

Amygdala

53
Q

If GABA levels are too low what happens?

A

it prevents the inhibitory neurons from slowing down the neural activity in Amygdala, which can contribute to anxiety.

54
Q

What does Gaba do in the Amydala?

A

increases the functioning of inhibitory neurons whose job it is to reduce neurological activity.

55
Q

Define Psychodynamic theory of fear acquisition:

A

GAD:Freud believed we have unconscious conflicts between the id impulses and the superego. We don’t know what we’re anxious about because it’s at the unconscious level, but this conflict causes our anxiety.

Specific Phobias:Freud believed that whatever we’re afraid of has some symbolic representation, often related to a sexual impulse we’re repressing. Example: Snake is a phallic symbol.

56
Q

Define Behavioral theory of fear acquisition:

A

Classical conditioning: Simplest example: Little Albert Experiment, child conditioned (learned) to be afraid of white rat by behaviorist John Watson.

57
Q

Cognitive theories of fear acquisition.

A
  1. Our thinking is faulty.
  2. Misinterpret internal and external neutral events as threatening.
  3. We take what’s ambiguous or neutral and misinterpret it as negative and dangerous.
  4. Anxiety experienced as cognitive distress, which causes emotional and physical distress (anxiety).
58
Q

“My heart is racing, therefore, I’m having a heart attack”. “I have to give a speech Everyone will laugh and think I’m dumb”. “I have to go to that party. No one will talk to me”

Is an example of _____

A

Faulty Thinking

59
Q

___________, _________, and __________ factors all contribute to the development of anxiety. Everything we discussed together contributes to anxiety, it’s never one cause.

A

Biological, psychological, and cognitive

60
Q

Types of Treatment for Anxiety Disorders include

A
  1. SSRI’s; Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors.
  2. SNRI’s: Serotonin, Norepinephrine, Reuptake Inhibitors
  3. NDRI’s: Norepinephrine, Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors.
  4. Benzodiazepines
61
Q

Psychodynamic theory of fear acquisition was a concept by:

A

Sigmund Freud, the father of psychodynamic theory (1856-1939).

62
Q

Behavioral theory of fear acquisition was founded by:

A

John Watson the father of Behavioral Theory (1878-1958).

63
Q

Cognitive theories of fear acquisition was founded by:

A

Aaron Beck the father of Cognitive Behavior Theory (1921-2021)

64
Q

Psychotropic Medication does what ?

A

Works on changing the levels of our neurotransmitters (chemicals in the brain that help neural transmission).

65
Q

Name some facts about SSRI’s:

A

1.We now use what are categorized as anti-depressants (SSRI’s) for long-term treatment of anxiety.
2.They increase the levels of serotonin (a neurotransmitter) available in the synapse, to decrease anxiety.
3.Takes approximately 4-6 weeks for the full effect
SSRI’s work best when coupled with psychotherapy.

66
Q

Examples of SSRI’s:

A

1.Lexapro
2.Zoloft
3.Prozac
4.Luvox
5.Celexa
6.Paxil

67
Q

Name some facts about SNRI’s:

A

1.Another category of antidepressants used for long-term treatment of anxiety
2.Works by increasing two neurotransmitters, serotonin and norepinephrine
3.Takes approximately 4-6 weeks for the full effect.
4.Norepinephrine is involved in the stress response
Also addresses physical pain associated with anxiety

68
Q

___________ and ________ are examples of SNRI’s:

A

Effexor and Cymbalta

69
Q

Name some facts about NDRI’s

A
  1. Another category of antidepressants used for long-term treatment of anxiety
  2. It increases anxiety for some people, must be carefully monitored.
  3. Works by increasing two neurotransmitters, norepinephrine & dopamine
  4. Can help improve concentration and focus.
  5. Takes approximately 4-6 weeks for the full effect.
  6. Decreases cravings and withdrawal symptoms so often prescribed for smoking cessation.
70
Q

Name an example of NDRI

A

Wellbutrin

71
Q

Name some facts about Benzodiazepines

A
  1. Years back people were regularly prescribed a group of drugs called Benzodiazepines for long term use in treating the symptoms of anxiety.
  2. They work by increasing GABA levels (another neurotransmitter), in the Amygdala, which increases the rate of inhibitory neurons, which in effect, calms us.
  3. Promotes sleep
  4. They slow down the whole CNS.
  5. They have a rapid release (almost immediate).
  6. Should be used primarily for dealing with situations we don’t have to deal with on a daily basis, such as a fear of flying.
  7. Sometimes used as a pre-operative sedative.
  8. Sometimes used for dental surgery as an adjunct to anesthetic.
  9. Used for long term anxiety treatment during 1970’s and 80’s.
  10. Not for long term use, quickly build up tolerance, dangerous when combined with alcohol or other drugs.
72
Q

Examples of Benzodiazepines include:

A

Xanax, Valium, Ativan, Klonopin

73
Q

Psychological Treatments (Psychotherapy) to treat anxiety include:

A
  1. Psychodynamic Therapy
  2. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
  3. Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)
74
Q

Therapy concentrates on early childhood experiences, dream interpretation, and your use of defense mechanisms.
Not widely used today in its purest form, but some therapists use Freud’s basic tenets; recognizing the existence of the id, ego, and superego, & examining the use of defense mechanisms to ward off anxiety.

A

Psychodynamic Therapy includes

75
Q

Combines cognitive approach (changing your thinking), with behavioral approach (facing your fears through gradual exposure to the feared situation while maintaining relaxed state). Encourages client to complete homework of keeping track of thoughts and feelings through the use of a journal. Testing their hypotheses (think they can’t talk to a stranger, test out hypothesis by talking to strangers). Activity Scheduling (making a daily list of things to do that bring satisfaction and distract you).

A

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

76
Q

Explain Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)

A

DBT is a type of therapy that combines traditional cognitive-behavioral techniques foremotional regulation with concepts ofmindfulness awareness, distress tolerance, interpersonal effectiveness, and emotional regulation skills.

It’s now used to not only treat Borderline patients, but patients with anxiety, depression, self-harming and suicidality.
It’s not used as often as traditional CBT because it takes more training on the part of the therapist.

77
Q

This Psychological Treatment was developed by Marsha Linehan in 1943

A

DBT

78
Q

Aaron Beck is credited with creating this theory and treatment.

A

CBT

79
Q

Therapy concentrates on bringing what’s in our unconscious, into our consciousness, since Freud believed all anxiety was caused by conflicts between id and super-ego.

A

Psychodynamic Therapy includes

80
Q

True or False

Panic disorder has frequent panic attacks unlike panic attacks

A

True

81
Q
A

Psychological disorders (6 decks)

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