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69:273 Psychopathology > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

First written account of binge purge behaviours dates back to 4 BC to AD 65
Noted in Ancient Rome
Religious roots – fasting

A

Historical context of Eating Disorders

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2
Q

Society and culture influence prevalence of eating disorders
In North America and Western Europe – rates have increased since ______’s

A

1920

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3
Q

Unrestricted eating
Watchful eating
Increasing weight and shape preoccupation
Clinical eating disorders

A

Continuum of Eating Experiences

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4
Q

eating to the occasion and being spontaneous…. not restricting before or after

A

Unrestricted eating

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5
Q

Paying attention to what is being eaten (mindful kind of?)
Possibly a diet

A

Watchful eating

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6
Q

refers to when individuals spend excessive time thinking about their weight/shape and this interferes with their functioning (e.g., being distracted while engaged conversation because thinking about weight/shape)

A

Preoccupation with weight/shape

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7
Q

An eating disorder is a serious, complex, mental health issue that affects one’s emotional and physical health.
An unhealthy relationships with food, their weight or appearance.
e.g. anorexia, bulimia and binge eating disorder

A

Clinical eating disorders

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8
Q

Pica
Rumination Disorder
Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder
Anorexia Nervosa
Bulimia Nervosa
Binge Eating Disorder
Other Specified
Unspecified

A

DSM 5- Feeding and Eating Disorders

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9
Q

An eating disorder in which a person eats things not usually considered food.
Young kids often put non-food items (like grass or toys) in their mouths because they’re curious about the world around them.

A

Pica

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10
Q

a rare behavioral disorder in which food is brought back up from the stomach. It is either rechewed, reswallowed, or spit out.

A

Rumination Disorder

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11
Q

extremely selective eaters and sometimes have little interest in eating food. They may eat a limited variety of preferred foods, which can lead to poor growth and poor nutrition.
(occurs in children frequently?)

A

Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID)

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12
Q

a psychiatric disease in which patients restrict their food intake relative to their energy requirements through eating less, exercising more, and/or purging food through laxatives and vomiting. Despite being severely underweight, they do not recognize it and have distorted body images.

A

Anorexia Nervosa

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13
Q

It is characterized by uncontrolled episodes of overeating (called bingeing). This is followed by purging by self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, and other methods.

A

Bulimia Nervosa

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14
Q

regularly eat much more food than most people. They often eat quickly, eat when they are stressed or upset (instead of just when they’re hungry), and feel like they can’t stop eating, even when they’re uncomfortably full. They also binge at least once a week for several months.

A

Binge Eating Disorder

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15
Q

have symptoms that are similar to one or more eating disorders, but may not meet all the criteria for these conditions.

A

Other Specified

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16
Q

where behaviours cause clinically significant distress or impairment of functioning, but do not meet the full criteria of any of the feeding or eating disorder criteria.

A

Unspecified

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17
Q

Pica
Rumination Disorder
Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder

These three are more common in ________ and individuals with intellectual disabilities.

A

children

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18
Q

Criteria A
Restriction of intake leading to significantly low body weight
Criteria B
Intense fear of weight gain and persisting behaviour even if actually losing weight
Criteria C
Distorted body image (weight, shape, self-evaluation) or lack of recognition of the seriousness of current low weight

Mild – BMI 17 or greater
Moderate – BMI 16-16.99
Severe - BMI 15-15.99
Extreme – BMI less than 15

A

DSM Anorexia Nervosa

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19
Q

U
N
D
E
R

A

Underweight
Nervous about weight
Distorted perception
Excessive exercise
Restricting calories

(Anorexia DSM)

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20
Q

Can be:
Restricting type
Binge/purge type

A

Anorexia

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21
Q

OCD brain patterns
“I need to lose weight/purge”
“I am fat”

A

Anorexia

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22
Q

During the last 3 months, person has not engaged in episodes of binge eating or purge behaviours

A

Restricting type (Anorexia)

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23
Q

During the last 3 months, the person has engaged in episodes of binge purge behaviours

A

Binge-eating/Purging type (Anorexia)

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24
Q

After full criteria met, Criteria A is still and B or C

A

In Partial Remission (Anorexia)

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25
Q

After full criteria met, no criteria has applied for a substantial period of time

A

In Full Remission (Anorexia)

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26
Q

Abnormal lab findings may lag behind damaging effects
Anemia, leukopenia
Amenorrhea
Dehydration
High cholesterol
Decreased liver function
Vitamin & mineral deficiencies

A

Physiological effects of Anorexia

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27
Q

Decreased thyroid functioning
Damage to heart & kidneys
Decreased energy, lethargy
Constipation
Abdominal pain
Cold intolerance
Low BP & pulse
Dry, cold skin
Lanugo
Peripheral edema
Dental erosion
Osteoporosis
Decreased concentration

A

Physiological effects of Anorexia

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28
Q

Can be fatal:
Starvation, suicide, heart attacks, electrolyte imbalance

Hospitalization may be necessary

A

Anorexia

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29
Q

Temperamental – Persons who develop anxiety disorder or obsessive compulsive disorder in childhood are at increased risk of developing anorexia nervosa

A

Temperamental Risk Factors (Anorexia)

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30
Q

Associated with cultural settings in which thinness is valued

A

Environmental Risk Factors (Anorexia)

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31
Q

Increased risk if there is a history among 1st degree relatives

A

Genetic and Physiological Risk Factors (Anorexia)

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32
Q

Feelings of ineffectiveness
Strong need to control environment
Inflexible thinking
Limited social spontaneity, restrained initiative & emotional expression
Perfectionism is strongly associated
Increased prevalence in some sports – ballet and wrestling

A

Associated Traits of Anorexia

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33
Q

Criteria A: Recurrent episodes of binging characterized by:
Eating in a short period of time (usually 2 hours) much more than people normally consume
A sense of overeating and lack of control over the binge behavior
Criteria B: Recurrent use of means to prevent weight gain (inappropriate compensatory behaviours)
Criteria C: Frequency at least twice once a week for 3 months
Criteria D: Excessive concern with body shape & weight
Criteria E: Behaviour does not occur solely with Anorexia Nervosa

A

DSM Bulimia Nervosa

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34
Q

Full criteria previously met, now some but not all criteria met

A

In partial remission - DSM Bulimia Nervosa Specifiers

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35
Q

Full criteria previously met, now no longer present for a substantial period of time

A

In full remission - DSM Bulimia Nervosa Specifiers

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36
Q

Mild 1-3 episodes per week
Moderate 4-7/week
Severe 8-13/week
Extreme 14+/week

A

Severity - DSM Bulimia Nervosa Specifiers

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37
Q

Serious cardiac events and skeletal myopathies are associated with use of syrup of ipecac
Gastrointestinal problems and rectal prolapse have been reported

A

Health concerns (Bulimia)

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38
Q

Fatalities associated with:
Cardiac arrhythmias
Gastric ruptures
Suicide

A

Bulimia

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39
Q

Weight concerns, low self-esteem, depression, anxiety in childhood increase risk

A

Temperamental Risk Factors (Bulimia)

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40
Q

Associated with cultural settings in which thinness is valued.
Associated with childhood abuse

A

Environmental Risk Factors (Bulimia)

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41
Q

Associated with childhood obesity
Increased risk if there is a history among 1st degree relatives

A

Genetic and Physiological Risk Factors (Bulimia)

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42
Q

B
O
W
L

A

Binge eating
Offsetting behaviours
Weekly (2x wk for 3 months)
Linked to self esteem

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43
Q

Weight loss
Limited intake
Proud of weight loss

A

Anorexia Nervosa

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44
Q

Typically normal weight or slightly overweight
Characterized by binge eating
Ashamed of problem

A

Bulimia Nervosa

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45
Q

Criteria A –
Eating, in a discrete period of time (usually 2 hours) an excessive amount of food (more than people would typically eat
Lack of control over pattern

Criteria B –
Eating more rapidly than normal
Eating until uncomfortably full
Eating large amounts of food, even when not hungry
Feeling embarrassed about how much one is eating
Feeling disgusted with self, depressed, or guilty afterwards

A

DSM Binge Eating Disorder

46
Q

Criteria C – must produce marked distress about binge eating

Criteria D – persists over time (more than 3 months)

Criteria E – exclusion criteria – not associated with bulimia nervosa or anorexia nervosa

Mild 1-3 binge episodes per week
Moderate 4-7/week
Severe 8-13/week
Extreme 14+/week

A

DSM Binge Eating Disorder

47
Q

Feels out of control & unable to stop eating during binges
Feels guilty, distressed or ashamed of binge eating
Maybe normal weight, over weight or obese
Tends to have a history of diet failures
Associated with depression and obesity

A

Binge Eating Disorder

48
Q

Atypical anorexia nervosa –
Bulimia nervosa (of low frequency and/or limited duration)
Binge-eating disorder (of low frequency and/or limited duration)
Purging Disorder
Night Eating Disorder

A

DSM Other Specified Eating Disorders

49
Q

Meet (anorexia) criteria except is of normal weight

A

Atypical anorexia nervosa

50
Q

Meet all (bulimia) criteria except occurs less than once a week and/or for less than 3 months

A

Bulimia nervosa (of low frequency and/or limited duration)

51
Q

Meet all criteria (binge eating) except occurs less than once a week and/or for less than 3 months

A

Binge-eating disorder (of low frequency and/or limited duration)

52
Q

purging behavior without binge eating

A

Purging Disorder

53
Q

in evening and/or after awakening from sleep eat excessive amounts of food (able to recall eating)

A

Night Eating Disorder

54
Q

Participants’ descriptions highlighted a tension between anorexia nervosa as being functional and playing a positive role in their lives whilst also being perceived as negative.

A

Williams & Reid

55
Q

(1) Relationship with anorexia nervosa
(2) Striving for the perfect self
(3) Controlling the self through the body
(4) Battling the ‘anorexic voice’.

A

4 Overarching Themes in William & Reid

56
Q

Genetics
Trauma
Critical family
Nutrition
Physical health issues
Stress
Drugs

A

Risk factors for depression

57
Q

Excessive studies demonstrate that ________ is due to the interaction of numerous complex factors:
Monoamine Neurotransmitter Dysfunction
Neuroendocrine Factors
Neural Diathesis Stress Hypothesis
Immune Factors
Genetic Factors
Environmental Factors
Nutritional Deficiencies
Cognitive Theories

A

depression

58
Q

Less activity in prefrontal cortex
Over activity in limbic system

A

Neurological changes in depression

59
Q

Assess symptoms against baseline functioning
Assess the effect of symptoms on functioning in all the domains of the person’s life
Assess severity of depression
Suicide ideation/attempts
Sleep and appetite
Psychotic features
Larger number of symptoms in criteria met, greater severity

A

Assessment of mood symptoms (depression)

60
Q

________ is a well-known mnemonic listing the symptoms of major depressive disorder, according to the DSM-5.

A

SIGECAPS

61
Q

SIGECAPS

A

Sleep changes
Inerest lost
Guilt (worthlessness)
Energy loss (fatigue)
Cognition – difficult concentrating
Appetite
Psychomotor
Suicide risk

62
Q

__________, ________behaviours or self-mutilation
No intent to die
Private means to bring relief from intolerable psychic pain or numbness
May also occur in psychotic illness as part of delusional thinking

A

Self-harm, self-injurious

63
Q

Thoughts, ideas, feelings
Intent or no intent

A

Suicide Ideation

64
Q

A plan to end ones life

A

Suicide Plan

65
Q

An act with at least some degree of intent to die
Died by Suicide

A

Suicide Attempt

66
Q

Sex (male) * men typically use more lethal means, therefore more likely to complete
Age (below 19 or above 45)
Depression, hopelessness (decreased concentration, appetite, sleep or libido)
Previous deliberate self harm (one or more previous attempts)
Excessive alcohol or drug use (impulsive)
R - Loss of rational thinking (psychosis – command hallucinations)
Separated, widowed, divorced (loss of supports)
Organized plan or serious attempt
No social supports
Stated future intention to self harm or new onset illness

A

SAD PERSONS

67
Q

Suicide ideation
Suicide intent and lethality
Meaning and motivation for suicide
Suicidal plan – access to means, lethality of means, practiced or rehearsed plan
Protective factors
Physiological, cognitive and affective states
Coping potential (reasons for living)
Risk factors
Substance use
Self-harm

A

Suicide assessment

68
Q

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
Major Depressive Disorder (Including Major Depressive Episode)
Persistent Depressive Disorder
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
Substance/Medication-Induced Depressive Disorder
Depressive Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition
Other Specified Depressive Disorder
Unspecified Depressive Disorder
Prolonged Grief Disorder (NEW)

A

DSM 5 - Depressive Disorders

69
Q

Childhood disorder (onset must be between 6 to 10)
Developed to counter over-diagnosis of bipolar disorder in children
Persistent irritability, frequent periods of extreme dysregulation of behaviour
Children tend to develop depressive or anxiety disorder rather than bipolar disorder later in life.

A

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder

70
Q

Diagnostic Criteria
A: Severe, recurrent temper outbursts
B: Temper outbursts inconsistent with developmental level
C: Occur 3 or more times a week
D: Mood between outbursts is persistently irritable or anger
E: A – D symptoms present for 12 months
F: A – D symptoms present in at least three settings
G: Dx should not be made for first time before 6 years or after 18 years of age
H: Evidence of onset before age 10

A

DSM – Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder

71
Q

Criteria A: 5 or more of the following present for 2 weeks
Depressed mood
Loss on interest or pleasure
Weight loss or weight gain
Insomnia or hypersomnia
Psychomotor agitation or retardation
Fatigue or loss of energy
Feelings of worthless or guilt
Poor concentration or indecisiveness
Recurrent thoughts about death
Criteria B: Causes significant distress or impairment to important areas of functioning

A

DSM – Major Depressive Episode

72
Q

A – Presence of at least one Major Depressive Episode

B – The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational or other important areas of life
C – The episode is not related to a substance or medical condition
D- The occurrence of the major depressive episode is not between explained by schizoaffective disorder, schizophrenia, or delusional disorder
E- There has never been a manic or hypomanic episode

A

DSM - Major Depressive Disorder

73
Q

Grief is a natural reaction to any loss & to anticipated loss
Grief = feelings of emptiness & loss
Grief tends to occur in waves which subside over time (reactivity & duration)
Grief tends to thoughts of lost person/thing

A

Depression vs Grief

74
Q

Specifiers:
Mild, moderate, severe
With anxious distress
With mixed features
With melancholic features
With atypical features
With mood-congruent psychotic features
With mood-incongruent psychotic features
With catatonia
With peripartum onset
With seasonal pattern

A

DSM 5 – Major Depression Specifiers

75
Q

Presence of at least 2 of following during mania, hypomania, or depressive episode
1. Feeling tense
2. Feeling usually restless
3. Difficulty concentrating because of worry
4. Fear something awful may happen
5. Feeling may lose control of self

A

Depression w/ Anxious Distress

76
Q

Full criteria for depression plus at least 3 of following
1. Elevated, expansive mood
2. Inflated self-esteem
3. More talkative than usual or pressure to keep talking
4. Flight of ideas or racing thoughts
5. Increase in energy or goal directed activities
6. Increased high risk behaviours
7. Decreased need for sleep

A

Depressive episode w/ mixed features

77
Q

Criteria A (either)
- Loss of pleasure in all or almost all activities
and/or
- Lack of reactivity to usual pleasurable stimuli
Criteria B (3 or more)
- Profound despondency, despair, or moroseness, or ‘empty’ mood
- Depression worse in the morning
- Early morning waking
- Marked psychomotor retardation or agitation
- Significant anorexia or weight loss
- Excessive or inappropriate guilt

A

Depression w/ Melancholic Features

78
Q

Criteria A
Mood reactivity (mood brightens towards actual or potential positive events)

Criteria B (2 or more)
Significant increase in weight or appetite
Hypersomnia
Leaden paralysis (heavy feelings in legs and arms)
Long-standing pattern of interpersonal rejection sensitivity (not limited to the depressive episode) that results in impairment in functioning

A

Depression w/ Atypical Features

79
Q

Delusions or hallucinations are present at any time in the episode
With Mood - Congruent Psychotic Features: During the episode the delusions and/or hallucinations experienced are consistent with delusional themes – low self esteem may become a paranoid delusion

With Mood – Incongruent Psychotic Features : Content to the delusion and/or hallucination does not match the themes described above (can also be a combination)

A

Depression w/ Psychotic Features

80
Q

At least 3 of the following :
Stupor
Catalepsy
Waxy flexibility
Mutism
Negativism
Posturing
Mannerism
Stereotypy (repetitive movement w no purpose)
Agitation
Grimacing
Echolalia
Echopraxia

A

Depression w/ Catatonia

81
Q

Mania, hypomania, depression
Can be present with or without psychotic features
Onset during pregnancy or 4 weeks post-partum
3 to 6% experience major depressive episode with pregnancy or post-partum

A

Depression w/ Peri-partum Onset

82
Q

Lifetime pattern of at least one type of mood episode occurring predictably with a certain time of the year.
Full remission predictably occurs at another time of the year

Can be mania, hypomania, or depression

A

Depression w/ Seasonal Pattern

83
Q

Criteria A: Depressed mood for most of day, more often than not, for at least 2 years.

Criteria B: two or more of following, while depressed
Poor appetite or over eating
Insomnia or hypersomnia
Low energy or fatigue
Low self-esteem
Poor concentration or indecisiveness
Hopelessness

A

DSM- Persistent Depressive Disorder (previously Dysthymia)

84
Q

Criteria A: 5 symptoms present week before onset of menses, start to improve within a few days after onset, minimal or absent symptoms at other points in cycle

Criteria B (one or more of following)
Marked affective lability
Marked irritability, anger, interpersonal conflict
Marked depressed mood, hopelessness, self-deprecating thoughts
Marked anxiety, tension, and/or keyed up/ on edge.

Criteria C (one or more of following)
Decreased interest in usual activities
Subjectivity difficulty in concentration
Lethargy, easily fatigued, marked lack of energy
Marked change in appetite
Hypersomnia or insomnia
Sense of being overwhelmed or out of control
Physical symptoms - Psychomotor retardation

A

DSM- Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

85
Q

Recurrent brief depression
Short duration depressive episode (4-13 days)
Depressive episode with insufficient symptoms

A

Other Specified Depressive Disorder

86
Q

Criterion A: Presence of one or more delusions for one month or more
Criterion B: Has never met Criterion for schizophrenia
Criterion C: Functioning not markedly impaired & behaviour not obviously odd, mental status & social functioning intact (outside of direct impact of delusion).
Criterion D: Any mood disorders are brief compared with total duration of delusional period
Criterion E: Not better accounted for by substances or general medical condition

A

Delusional Disorder

87
Q

Criteria A: Two or more of these symptoms must be present for at least one month (can be less if being successfully treated)
And at least one symptom must be either 1, 2, or 3
1. Hallucinations
2. Delusions
3. Disorganized speech
4. Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
5. Negative symptoms
Continuous disturbance for 6 months
Social or occupational dysfunction (or both) for significant portion of the time.
Specify if: it occurs with catatonia

A

DSM 5 - Schizophrenia

88
Q

May appear fairly sudden to others but symptoms often begin to slowly develop over six months to a year

A

Onset of Schizophrenia

89
Q

Changes in personality
Withdrawal
Dropping out of normal activities

A

Prodromal Stage (Schizophrenia)

90
Q

Lifetime prevalence is 1% of population

Persons with a diagnosis of schizophrenia have a reduced life expectancy of 25 years

20-40% of clients have at least one known suicide attempt
5% die by suicide

Socioeconomic challenges

A

Schizophrenia Prognosis

91
Q

In some instances, clients experiencing schizophrenia can drink excessive amounts of water, to the point of water intoxication and even death.
Cause is unknown
Symptoms often devastating
Can be chronic

A

Polydipsia

92
Q

Differentiation between schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, & brief psychotic disorder is made primarily by ________ of symptoms

A

duration

93
Q

more 1 day but less than 1 month.

A

Brief Psychotic Disorder

94
Q

at least 1 month but less than 6 months.

A

Schizophreniform Disorder

95
Q

continuous signs of disturbance for at least 6 months (must include 1 month of active symptoms)

A

Schizophrenia

96
Q

Criterion A: Presence of one or more of the following. At least one must be 1, 2, or 3
1. Delusions
2. Hallucinations
3. Disorganized speech
4. Grossly disorganized or catatonic behaviour

Criterion B
At least one day, less than one month

Criterion C
Not better explained by other causes (substance use)
Specify if: With catatonia, With Peripartum onset, With stressors, or Without Stressors

A

DSM 5 – Brief Psychotic Disorder

97
Q

Does not include Negative Symptoms as a criteria (schizophreniform and schizophrenia do)

A

DSM 5 – Brief Psychotic Disorder

98
Q

Criterion A
At least two of following, significant symptoms, must include 1, 2, or 3
1. Delusions
2. Hallucinations
3. Disorganized speech
4. Grossly disorganized or catatonic behaviour
5. Negative symptoms

Criterion B
Duration at least 1 month but less than 6 months
Specify if:
With catatonia

A

DSM 5 – Schizophreniform Disorder

99
Q

Similar Criterion for schizophrenia with two differences:
1. Duration is shorter, more than 1 month but less than 6 months

  1. Impaired social and occupational functioning is not a necessary criterion
A

Schizophreniform Disorder

100
Q

Criterion A:
An uninterrupted period of illness during which there is a major mood episode concurrent with Criterion A of schizophrenia

Criterion B:
Delusions or hallucinations for two or more weeks in the absence of a major mood episode during the lifetime duration of the illness

Criterion C:
Symptoms that meet Criterion for a major mood disorder are present for the majority of the total duration of the active and residual portions of the illness

Criterion D: Not better accounted for by a substance or medical condition

A

Schizoaffective Disorder

101
Q

Person has psychotic symptoms during periods when they do not have mania or depression – periods of at least 2 weeks

Onset typically early adulthood but can be in late life
Prognosis somewhat better than schizophrenia

A

Schizoaffective Disorder

102
Q

Presentation with predominant hallucinations or delusions where there is evidence that the disturbance is the direct physiological consequence of a general medical conditions.
Example: Endocrine disorders (hypo or hyperthyroidism)
epilepsy, and brain lesion

Does not include:
Delirium
Symptoms caused by the stress related to a general medical disorder

A

Psychosis Due to Another Medical Condition

103
Q

Symptoms following a head injury
Client with hyperthyroidism
Unusual age of onset
Lack of family history of psychotic illness
Unexpected physical signs or symptoms (weakness, staggering, numbness altered sensorium, pain)
Olfactory hallucinations
Usual age = >40 yrs

A

Factors to increase suspicion of a medical cause

104
Q

Must be evidence of a contributing medical condition, rule out mental disorder, delirium, substance, medication as cause. Must cause clinically significant distress or dysfunction.
Examples:
- Neurological conditions
- Head trauma
- Metabolic conditions
- Vitamin deficiency (B12)

A

Catatonia due to a medical condition

105
Q

Psychosis (hallucinations or delusions) related to direct physiological effects of a substance:
Drug of abuse
Medication
Exposure to a toxin

Examples:
Alcohol, amphetamines, cocaine, hallucinogens, inhalants, opioids, sedatives, ect.
Anticholinergics, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, antihistamines, ect
Carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, insecticides, ect

A

Psychosis due to medication/substance use

106
Q

Previous or known drug use
Occupations at high risk of exposure to toxins
Medications known to evoke psychotic symptoms
Unusual age of onset
Lack of family history
Atypical course or symptoms
Persistence of psychosis typically short term(but can persist for months)

A

Factors to increase suspicion of a medication/substance use cause

107
Q

Presence of positive, negative, and/or cognitive symptoms
However, the symptoms and/or duration do not meet the criteria of a DSM diagnosis
Or, additional investigation is required to determine if there an underlying cause (ie medical or substance related) to explain symptoms

A

Psychosis not otherwise specified

108
Q

Illness strikes early in life

Lack of insight is associated with poorer prognosis

Stigma and disability often causes social isolation

Possible chronic course of illness & lack of social supports leads to poverty, homelessness, legal involvement, substance abuse

Increased the risk for type II diabetes, high blood pressure and heart disease

A

Challenges

109
Q

Recovery has been described as a process that is used to assist persons to live their lives in meaningful ways, when provided with the appropriate resources and supports (Barker & Buchanan-Barker, 2011).

A

Typically write in past tense

110
Q

Unless is happening in the _______ or has not yet occurred
The primary investigator will employ phenomenology as research method.

A

present

111
Q

Person experiencing schizophrenia …
Or
Person with schizophrenia

Rather than “patients with schizophrenia” or “schizophrenics”

A

Person first language

112
Q

Use plural “they” “their”
Rater than “he/she” “him/her”

A

Gender inclusive language

69:273 Psychopathology (7 decks)

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