Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

69:273 Psychopathology > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Prior to the ______ mental disabilities were often described in one category which included intellectual delay, mental illness, and organic brain disorders.

A

1800’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Start of division of mental illness into cognitive – affective – behavioural domains

A

Early 1800

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

In _______, Eugen Bleuler coined the term schizophrenia, and positive and negative symptoms

A

1911

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In _______, Kurt Schneider developed his concept schneiderian symptoms of schizophrenia
Become the foundation of the DSM II

A

1959

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Audible thoughts
Experience of influences controlling the body
Thought broadcasting
Thought withdrawal
Thought insertion
Delusional perception

A

Scheiderian symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

___________ (family history) appears to be the strong predictor in the development of Schizophrenia

A

Genetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

_________ is not solely responsible in ½ of the cases of identical twins only one twin will experience schizophrenia

A

Genetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Prenatal exposure to influenza
Prenatal exposure to lead
Prenatal exposure to toxoplasma gondii
Obstetrical complications

A

Prenatal and Perinatal factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

before birth

A

Prenatal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

2 or so weeks before and after birth

A

Perinatal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Predispositions and vulnerabilities for schizophrenia (diatheses)
People’s vulnerabilities must interact with life stresses to trigger the onset of the illness
Vulnerability + Stress

A

Diathesis-stress models

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Stressors can include:
Trauma
Virus
Prenatal and perinatal complications
Substance use

A

Diathesis-stress models

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Good evidence to show that stress can trigger schizophrenia, cause relapse, and worsen symptoms.

A

Diathesis-stress models

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Dopamine hypothesis
Glutamate hypothesis
Serotonin hypothesis

A

Neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Reduced grey matter
Low activation of frontal cortex
Ventricle enlargement
Hippocampal atrophy

A

Neurological changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Schizophrenia
Schizophreniform Disorder
Schizoaffective Disorder
Schizotypal Personality Disorder

A

DSM 5 – Schizophrenia Spectrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

is now considered part of the schizophrenia spectrum but the disorder is described detail under the section ‘personality disorders’

A

Schizotypal personality disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Delusions
Hallucinations

A

Positive Symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Distortions or exaggerations in language and communication
Disorganized speech
Disorganized behavior

A

Cognitive Symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Affective flattening
Avolition
Alogia
Anhedonia
Asociality
Anosognosia
Apathy
Catatonia

A

Negative Symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Persecutory/paranoid
Referential
Grandiose
Erotomanic
Nihilistic
Somatic
Religious
Jealous
Bizarre
Magical thinking

A

Types of delusions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Thought insertion
Thought broadcasting
Thought withdrawal

A

Delusions of control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

“__________ beliefs that are not amenable to change in light of conflicting evidence” (87). – no cultural basis

A

Fixed false

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Auditory
Visual
Olfactory
Tactile
Gustatory

A

Positive Symptoms: Hallucinations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Experienced as real
Not under voluntary control
Not part of religious or cultural practice

A

Positive Symptoms: Hallucinations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Observe through speech

A

thought process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

lack of logical relationship between thoughts and ideas – conversation shifts from one topic to another in unrelated manner

A

Loose associations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

takes a long time to make a point – excessive detail

A

Circumstantiality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

speaker does not return to central point

A

Tangentiality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

pause or interruption in train of thought (paucity of thought)

A

Thought blocking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

creation of new words

A

Neologisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

rapid verbalization, jumping from one topic to another

A

Flight of ideas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

incoherent mixture of words

A

Word salad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

focused on a specific topic, returns to the topic even after topic has changed

A

Perseveration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

use of words or phrases that have similar sounds (hell, bell, sell, well, swell) – not associated in meaning

A

Clang association

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

echoing the words and statements used by others

A

Echolalia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Agitation and retardation can both refer to either _______ symptoms or ________ symptoms.

A

motor; psychic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

internally agitated

A

Psychic agitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

pacing etc

A

Motoric agitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

internal feeling of being slowed down

A

Psychic retardation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

slowed movements

A

Motoric retardation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

________ hallucinations are the most common

A

auditory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Psychomotor agitation
Psychomotor retardation
May not be goal directed and leads to difficulty preforming activities of daily living

A

Cognitive Symptoms: Disorganized Behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Affective blunting or flattening

A

Affective flattening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

a significant or severe lack of motivation or a pronounced inability to complete purposeful tasks

A

Avolition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

a symptom that causes you to speak less, say fewer words or only speak in response to others

A

Alogia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

the lack of interest, enjoyment or pleasure from life’s experiences

A

Anhedonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

lack of motivation to engage in social interaction, or a preference for solitary activities

A

Asociality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

a neurological condition in which the patient is unaware of their neurological deficit or psychiatric condition

A

Anosognosia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

lack of interest, enthusiasm, or concern

A

Apathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Stupor
Catalepsy
Waxy flexibility
Mutism
Negativism
Posturing
Mannerism
Stereotypy
Agitation
Grimacing
Echolalia
Echopraxia

A

Negative Symptoms: Catatonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Combination of cognitive, affective and motor symptoms

A

Catatonic symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

no psychomotor activity, no interaction with the environment

A

Stupor

54
Q

a medical condition characterized by a trance or seizure with a loss of sensation and consciousness accompanied by rigidity of the body
prolonged muscular rigidity and immobility, where the individual’s limbs remain in an unnatural, fixed posture

A

Catalepsy

55
Q

if an examiner places the patient’s arm in a position, they will maintain this position until it is moved again

A

Waxy flexibility

56
Q

limited verbal responses

A

Mutism

57
Q

little or no response to instructions or external stimuli
a tendency to resist external commands, suggestions, or expectations, or internal stimuli, as hunger, by doing nothing or something contrary or unrelated to the stimulus

A

Negativism

58
Q

actively holding a posture against gravity

A

Posturing

59
Q

carrying out odd, exaggerated actions

A

Mannerism

60
Q

repetitive movements without an apparent reason
a repetitive or ritualistic movement, posture, or utterance

A

Stereotypy

61
Q

Can occur for no known reason
Not being able to sit still, pacing etc.

A

Agitation

62
Q

mimicking another person’s speech

A

Echolalia

63
Q

mimicking another person’s movements

A

Echopraxia

64
Q

May appear fairly sudden to others but symptoms often begin to slowly develop over six months to a year

A

Onset of Schizophrenia

65
Q

Changes in personality
Withdrawal
Dropping out of normal activities

A

Prodromal Stage

66
Q

Lifetime prevalence is 1% of population
Persons with a diagnosis of schizophrenia have a reduced life expectancy of 25 years
20-40% of clients have at least one known suicide attempt
5% die by suicide
Socioeconomic challenges

A

Schizophrenia - Prognosis

67
Q

In some instances, clients experiencing schizophrenia can drink excessive amounts of water, to the point of water intoxication and even death.
Cause of ______ is unknown
Symptoms often devastating
Can be chronic

A

Polydipsia

68
Q

Brain Injury
Seizure Disorder
Stroke
Tumor

A

Central Nervous System changes that look like mental illness

69
Q

Self stigma
Social stigma
Provider based stigma

A

Types of stigma

70
Q

is based on societal practices, and norms that exclude and oppress groups of people, not individual impairments

A

Disability

71
Q

Places importance on physical, cognitive, emotional, and psychological impairments and other barriers that limit or prevent full participation in society

A

Disability

72
Q

Emil Kraepelin coined the term dementia praecox

A

1897

73
Q

What are the Monoamine Neurotransmitters

A

Dopamine (D2)
Norepinephrine (NE)
Serotonin (5-HT)
Histamine

74
Q

What are the additional neurotransmitters?

A

Acetylcholine (ACh) (Cholinergic)
Gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) (Amino Acid)
Glutamate (Amino Acid)

75
Q

What are the Neuroendocrinology hormones?

A

Antidiuretic hormone
Oxytocin
Cortisol
Thyroid stimulating hormone

76
Q

Central Nervous System
Brain Injury
Seizure Disorder
Stroke
Tumor
Vitamin Deficiencies
Cardiopulmonary Disorders
Gastrointestinal
Infection

A

Medical conditions that can look like mental illness

77
Q

Animal models
Genetics and Epigenetics
Identifying risk factors

A

Biological basis of behavior

78
Q

A __________ must be able to make a connection between:
1. Individual’s psychiatric symptoms
2. Alterations in brain function linked to symptoms
3. Rational for treatment and care
4. Client experiences and choices

A

psychiatric nurse

79
Q

Computed tomography (CT)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Positron emission tomography (PET)
Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Electroencephalography (EEG)

A

Types of Neuroimaging

80
Q

Neuroimaging the captures brain structure

A

Computed tomography (CT)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

81
Q

Neuroimaging the captures brain structure & function

A

Positron emission tomography (PET)
Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Electroencephalography (EEG)

82
Q

Shows brain structure
Neuroimaging that shows: shows damage to brain & lesions
Slices

A

Computed tomography (CT)

83
Q

Shows brain structure
Neuroimaging that shows: 3D pulses, brain lesions

A

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

84
Q

People who come off _______:
Never the same again
Oxygen deprivation changes personality

A

Ventilators

85
Q

scan is an imaging test that can help reveal the metabolic or biochemical function
Shows abnormalities in glucose - ADHD, stroke

A

Positron emission tomography (PET)

86
Q

Scan show regional cerebral blood flow
Vascular dementia, depression vs dementia

A

Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

87
Q

Scan can show structure & function of brain
Used to link genes to brain function

A

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

88
Q

Scan uses electrodes on head
Electrical functioning
Coma state to check brain function
Epilepsy - can see seizure activity (can see subtle symptoms)

A

Electroencephalography (EEG)

89
Q

______ hemisphere:
Verbal language function
Temporal order & sequencing
Numeric symbols
Verbal learning & memory

A

Left

90
Q

______ hemisphere:
Receptive nonverbal language
Spatial orientation & recognition
Tone/pitch of speech & aspects of music
Facial recognition & facial expression of emotion

A

Right

91
Q

Primary motor area
Broca’s area
Personality
Working memory
Executive functioning

A

Frontal lobe

92
Q

Somatosensory area
Speech and maintaining attention

A

Parietal Lobe

93
Q

Primary auditory and olfactory areas
Wernicke’s area
Internal structures important in modulating mood and emotion

A

Temporal Lobe

94
Q

Visual

A

Occipital Lobe

95
Q

Hypothalamus, pituitary,
amygdala, and hippocampus
all deal with basic drives,
emotions, and memory

A

Limbic system

96
Q

Memory processing

A

Hippocampus

97
Q

Aggression (fight) and fear (flight)

A

Amygdala

98
Q

Hunger, thirst, body temperature, pleasure; regulates pituitary gland (hormones)

A

Hypothalamus

99
Q

Integrates all sensory input (except smell)

A

Thalamus

100
Q

Regulates appetite, temperature, blood pressure, thirst, and circadian rhythms

A

Hypothalamus

101
Q

Emotional brain
Amygdala
Hippocampus

A

Limbic System

102
Q

_____ tend to have more positive symptoms & later onset
Hearing and vision loss are common

A

Women

103
Q

hypothesis of schizophrenia originates from the effect of NMDA receptor blockers (ketamine, phencyclidine), which produce a withdrawn, passive state that resembles the ‘negative’ symptoms of schizophrenia (passivity and anhedonism).

A

glutamate

104
Q

hypothesis of schizophrenia postulates that hyperactivity of neurotransmitter receptor neurotransmission in subcortical and limbic brain regions contributes to positive symptoms of schizophrenia, whereas negative and cognitive symptoms of the disorder can be attributed to hypofunctionality of neurotransmitter

A

Dopamine

105
Q

hypothesis of schizophrenia explains the origin of positive and negative symptoms, the relationship or schizophrenia to stress, cortical atrophy, peripheral depletion of phospholipids, and the effectiveness of dopamine blockade in treating positive symptoms

A

Serotonin

106
Q

Medical knowledge
Lived experience knowledge
Psychiatric nursing knowledge

A

Approaches to Psychopathology

107
Q

diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM) clustering of symptoms into mental disorders

A

Medical knowledge

108
Q

holistic experiences of challenges and recoveries

A

Lived experience knowledge

109
Q

individuals’ responses to DSM disorders and recovery processes

A

Psychiatric nursing knowledge

110
Q

DSM-I 1952
DSM-II 1968
DSM-III 1974
DSM-IV 1994
DSM-IV-TR 2000
DSM-5 2013
DSM-5-TR -2022

A

Diagnostical Statistic Manual

111
Q

“The primary purpose of _______ is to assist trained clinicians in the diagnosis of mental disorders as part of a case formulation assessment that leads to an informed treatment plan for each individual”

A

DSM-5

112
Q

classifies disorders - it does not classify people.

A

DSM-5-TR

113
Q

Diagnostic inflation
Diagnostic fads
Pathologizing normal

A

DSM Challenegs

114
Q

A coding of diseases and signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances, and external causes of injury or diseases, as classified by the World Health Organization (WHO)

A

The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 11th Revision (ICD-11)

115
Q

Language updates for gender and racial issues
Diagnostic criteria has been modified for 70 diagnoses related to research
Added ‘unspecified mood disorder’, which had been previously removed
Added a new diagnosis of ‘prolonged grief disorder’

A

Changes in DSM 5-TR (V - TR)

116
Q

General Observation
Mood
Affect
Speech
Thought
Perception
Sensorium
Insight
Judgment

A

Mental Status Exam

117
Q

Skin coloration
Grooming
Dress
Pupil size
Distinguishing features - tattoo

A

Appearance

118
Q

Gait
Posture
Facial expressions
Mannerisms / gestures
Activity
Coordination
Tremor

A

Psychomotor Behaviour

119
Q

Cooperative
Ambivalent
Hostile
Guarded
Disinterested
Suspicious
Open

A

Attitude

120
Q

Pervasive and sustained emotion

A

Mood

121
Q

immediate expressed or observed emotion

A

Affect

122
Q

Quantity
Rate
Quality

A

Speech

123
Q

subject matter

A

Thought content

124
Q

thought formation and expression

A

Thought process

125
Q

Loose associations
Circumstantiality
Tangentiality
Thought blocking
Neologisms
Flight of ideas
Word salad
Perseveration
Clang association
Echolalia

A

Though process

126
Q

Level of consciousness
Orientation
Memory
Attention and concentration

A

Sensorium

127
Q

awareness/understanding of their thoughts, feelings, and situation

A

Insight

128
Q

ability to reach a logical decision or plan course of action

A

Judgment

129
Q

Stress
Coping
- Emotion focused
- Problem focused
Wellbeing
Risk factors
Protective factors
Determinents of health
Role loss and role change
Family / caregiver coping

A

Other things to assess

130
Q

Lack of information, especially about outcome
Mourning and accepting the loss an envisioned future
Feelings of guilt over cause, or not preventing
Dealing with emotional consequences of trauma or illness
Rehabilitation required a great deal of time and attention

A

Common Family Challenges

131
Q

“manuals provide clinical descriptors that can guide diagnostic decisions, they do not inform clinicians about how to______ or use the diagnosis” (Perkins et al., 2018, p. 14)

A

communicate

132
Q

requires a holistic approach to avoid perpetuation of stigma and discrimination

A

Communication

69:273 Psychopathology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions