Lecture 2 Flashcards
Animal models
Genetics and Epigenetics
Identifying risk factors
Biological basis of behavior
A psychiatric nurse must be able to make a connection between:
1. Individual’s psychiatric symptoms
2. Alterations in brain function linked to symptoms
3. Rational for treatment and care
4. Client experiences and choices
Biological basis and symptoms
Computed tomography (CT)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Positron emission tomography (PET)
Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Neuroimaging
Verbal language function
Temporal order & sequencing
Numeric symbols
Verbal learning & memory
Left Hemisphere
Receptive nonverbal language
Spatial orientation & recognition
Tone/pitch of speech & aspects of music
Facial recognition & facial expression of emotion
Right Hemisphere
Primary motor area
Broca’s area
Personality
Working memory
Executive functioning
Frontal Lobe
Somatosensory area
Speech and maintaining attention
Parietal Lobe
Primary auditory and olfactory areas
Wernicke’s area
Internal structures important in modulating mood and emotion
Temporal Lobe
Visual
Occipital Lobe
Hypothalamus, pituitary, and hippocampus all deal with basic drives, emotions, and memory
Hippocampus -> Memory processing
Amygdala -> Aggression (fight) and fear (flight)
Hypothalamus -> Hunger, thirst, body temperature, pressure: regulates pituitary gland (hormones)
The Limbic System
Integrates all sensory input (except smell)
Thalamus
Regulates appetite, temperature, blood pressure, thirst, and circadian rhythms
Hypothalamus
Emotional brain
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Limbic System
Problem solving
Creative thinking
Personality
Frontal Lobe
Memories
Temporal Lobe
Basic life functions
Brain Stem
Visual functions
Reading
Understanding language
Parietal Lobe
Vision
Occipital Lobe
Balance
Coordination
Motor learning
Cerebellum
“Feel good” pathways
Movement, coordination, judgement, release of prolactin
↑Mania, anxiety, schizophrenia, addiction
↓ Parkinson’s disease, depression, ADHD
Dopamine (D2)
Fight or flight
Mood, cognition, perception, motion, cardiovascular function, sleep, arousal
↑Mania, anxiety, schizophrenia
↓Depression, ADHD
Norepinephrine (NE)
“Excitatory” neurotransmitter
Sleep, arousal, libido, appetite, mood, aggression, pain, coordination
↑Anxiety
↓ Depression, anxiety
Serotonin (5-HT)
Wakefulness, pain, inflammation
↑Sleep disorders, anxiety, Alzheimer’s disease, psychosis
↓Depression
Histimine
Synaptic communication
Parasympathetic system
Sleep, arousal, pain, movement, memory, attention
↑Depression
↓Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease
Acetylcholine (ACh)
(Cholinergic)
Inhibitory
Slow down body activity, reduces activity in neurons
↑Toxic levels - encephalopathy
↓Huntington’s disease, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, and forms of epilepsy
Gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA)
(Amino Acid)
Communicate sensory information
↑Huntington’s disease, forms of epilepsy, anxiety, depression
↓ Schizophrenia
Glutamate
(Amino Acid)
Psychoendocrinology
Psychoimmunology
Chronobiology
Trauma
Psychopharmacology
Functional Medicine
New fields of study
Conserves water balance and maintains blood pressure
Altered levels of secretion:
Polydipsia
Modified sleep patterns
Altered pain responses
Antidiuretic hormone
“Social hormone”
Bonds mothers and infants
Stress response
Drugs such as MDMA ↑ oxytocin
Oxytocin
Stimulate secretion of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
↑ levels of T3 and T4 – insomnia, anxiety, emotional lability
↓ levels of T3 and T4 – fatigue, depression
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Stress hormone
Chronic levels of ↑ cortisol put persons at risk of mental illness such as schizophrenia
Cortisol
Brain Injury
Seizure Disorder
Stroke
Tumor
Vitamin Deficiencies
Cardiopulmonary Disorders
Gastrointestinal
Infection
Medical Conditions of the Central Nervous System
3 Types of Stigma
Self stigma
Social stigma
Provider based stigma
based on societal practices, and norms that exclude and oppress groups of people, not individual impairments (Scullion, 2010).
Disability
Places importance on physical, cognitive, emotional, and psychological impairments and other barriers that limit or prevent full participation in society (Furrie, 2018).
Social Model of Disability
the study of the hormonal system to discover sites and processes that underlie and influence biological, behavioral, and psychological processes. It is often concerned with identifying biochemical abnormalities that may play a significant role in the development of mental disorders.
Psychoendocrinology
used to describe the interactions between the emotional state, nervous system function, and the immune system.
Psychoneuroimmunology
the study of biological rhythms. It examines the effects of time on biological events and internal biological clocks. Over the past few decades, chronobiology has developed into a multidisciplinary field of interest in general medicine and psychiatry
Chronobiology
the study of substances that influence mental states. Such agents induce changes in mood, sensation, thinking, or behavior, and may be derived from plants or other natural sources or chemically synthesized in a laboratory.
Psychopharmacology
a systems biology–based approach that focuses on identifying and addressing the root cause of disease. Each symptom or differential diagnosis may be one of many contributing to an individual’s illness.
Functional medicine
