Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ENVS 207 > test 2 > Flashcards

test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

animal vs plant life cycles

A

animal - goes through mitosis once to create organism, and then goes through meiosis once to create haploid cells
plant - goes through mitosis to create sporophyte, then meiosis to create spores, to create gametophyte, and then mitosis to create haploid cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

first and last cells of each plant life cycle generation (mitosis vs meiosis)

A

first cell of sporophyte - zygote
last cell of sporophyte - spores
first cell of gametophyte - spores
last cell of gametophyte - gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

male and female gametophyte

A

what and where, relation to sporophyte, liverworts and mosses, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

function of nuclei in pollen grain

A

one nuclei creates the generative nuclei, the second creates tube nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

function of sperm produced by generative nucleus

A

the first fuses with an egg to create zygote, the second fuses with the central nuclei to create endosperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

cotyledon function in monocot and dicots

A

monocot - energy transfer
dicot - energy storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

criteria for seed germination

A

H2O and O2 are needed for cellular respiration and enzymatic breakdown of energy storage molecules
soil temp - cool season vs warm season plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

whats in a seed

A

monocot -
dicot -

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

warm season and cold season plants

A

cool season - germinate at soil temp of 7-30* C
warm season - germinate at soil temp of 16-35* C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

mechanisms for breaking dormancy

A

scarification - breakage of seed coat
repeated freezing and thawing of soil - ensures the seed has been through a winter when the temperature is appropriate
gut passage through herbivore
mechanical abrasion by humans
washing of inhibitory chemicals - ensures water persists long enough to allow seedling establishment
exposure to light - small seeds run out of energy
exposure to fire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

mechanisms for seed dispersal

A

passive - wind, water, ballistic, shaker, animal
passive - animal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

changes in embryo weight, food reserves, and h2o

A

fertilization - embryo biomass starts low, energy storage starts low, water starts high
dormancy - biomass stays low, energy storage gets high, water gets low
germination - biomass gets very high, energy gets super low, water gets high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

fermentation and limits of alcohol concentration

A

fermentation - anaerobic biochemical process performed by yeast, simple sugars are broken down to produce ATP, creating CO2 and ethyl alcohol as waste
alcohol can only become 18% concentrated without distillation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

malting

A

sprouted grain, initiates conversation of endosperm to sugar for fermentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

distillation and proof

A

purifying a liquid by heating and cooling
proof = 2x alcohol content

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

plant sugar sources for alcoholic beverages

A

barley - bourbon whiskey, beer
corn - bourbon whiskey, chicha
wheat - beer
grapes - wine, brandy
molasses - rum
potatoes - vodka
agave pulque - tequila
rye - rye whiskey,
cassava - chicha

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

relationship between blood alcohol content and weight

A

the more you weigh, the harder it is to increase your blood alcohol content to the same level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

effects of alcohol on fetal development

A

alcohol has negative impacts on fetal development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

photosynthesis function and relationship to cellular respiration

A

inorganic carbon converted to organic carbon
creates sugars
the products fuel cellular respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

chloroplast structure

A

grana (light reactions)
stroma (light independent reactions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

light reactions

A

function - turns light energy into chemical energy
location - grana
inputs - light energy, H2O, ADP, NADP+
outputs - ATP, NADPH2, O2 as waste

22
Q

light independent reactions

A

function - produce sugar
location - stroma
inputs - APT, NADPH, CO2
outputs - ADP, NADP+, glucose

23
Q

englemanns experiment

A
24
Q

function of accessory pigments

A

pigments that create leaf colors that are not green, absorbs additional wavelengths, broaden the amount of light absorbed but pass it on to the chlorophyll to turn it into energy

25
Q

function of antennae molecules and reaction center

A

antennae molecules - focus photons to reaction center, intensifies reaction
reaction center - where the magnesium is, reaction happens within reaction center

26
Q

source of excited electrons from reaction center, and O2 waste

A

the sun makes the electrons excited, light reaction

27
Q

function of RuBP carboxylase (RUBISCO)

A

the catalyst of binding RuBP to CO2 during nitrogen fixation

28
Q

why are c3 plants inefficient in high light environments, and why c4 are better

A

RuBP cant differentiate between CO2 and O2 (and they compete for the same site on RuBISCO)
C4 reactions - separate light reactions from light independent reactions physically

29
Q

conditions favoring CAM plants, how is photosynthesis modified

A

efficient in hot, arid regions
light reactions and light independent reactions are separated by time

30
Q

water potential (influence of osmotic, matrix, and pressure)

A

water potential - a measure of water “deficit” relative to an adjacent area
osmotic potential - measures the amount of solutes dissolved in a fluid (more solutes = more negative osmotic potential)
matrix potential - measures the amount of solid surfaces to which a fluid is exposed (more solids = more negative matrix potential)
pressure potential - measures the force with which plant cell walls push back when stretched (measures as turgor pressure)
turgor pressure - pressure exerted by fluid in a cell that presses the cell membrane against the cell wall
high turgor pressure keeps stomata open

31
Q

how do plants regulate WP in roots

A

endodermis - a cylinder of cells enclosing the vascular tissue within the root center
casparian strip - allows a plant to regulate water intake by preventing water movement between cells of the endodermis, forcing water movement through endodermal cells

32
Q

influence of soil particle size and salts on WP in soil

A

high salinity or very negative soil matrix potential (fine soils) makes it harder for plants to extract water from soil (<-1.5 MPa)

33
Q

polar nature of H2O

A

importance of water movement - means that plants can take up more water because it will always continue to be taken up from high concentration to low concentration
cohesion - when water sticks to itself because of the polarity
adhesion - when water sticks to other things because of its polarity (soil??)
opposite electrical charges at opposite poles

34
Q

transpiration

A

definition - water leaving through leaves of plants (through stomata)
variation in rate with environmental conditions - humidity, temperature, and wind

35
Q

how does sugar move

A

phloem loading - pumps sugar from source into phloem (requires energy)
H2O diffuses into sieve cells which swell and increases turgor pressure
pushes bulk flow towards low pressure, sugar is pumped out which creates less negative osmotic potential for water to move in (low pressure)

36
Q

function of sieve cells

A

conduct sugar towards the sink
hollow and have a point of high turgor pressure and low turgor pressure that facilitates the movement
do not have nucleus (or organelles)

37
Q

function of companion cells

A

have nucleus
gives directions to sieve cells

38
Q

function difference in macro vs micronutrients

A

macronutrients - required by plants in large amounts - building blocks
micronutrients - required in small amounts - cofactors in enzyme reactions

39
Q

identity and use of macronutrients

A

C, H, O, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S
Carbon - CO2 from atmosphere (phospholipids, sugars, amino acids)
Hydrogen - H2O from soil (phospholipids, sugars, amino acids)
Oxygen - H2O from soil (phospholipids, sugars, amino acids)
Nitrogen - from soil (plant food)
Phosphorous - from soil (plant food, phospholipids, ATP)
Potassium - from soil (plant food)
Calcium - from soil, strengthens cell walls (plant food)
Magnesium - from soil, gives up electrons as first step in converting sunlight to chemical energy (plant food)
Sulfur - from soil, component in 2 amino acids (plant food)

40
Q

identity of micronutrients

A

Mn, Mo, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, B, Cl
general function - cofactors for enzymatic reactions

41
Q

steps in the nitrogen cycle

A

atmospheric nitrogen (N2) goes through nitrogen fixation to create NH4, which can go through nitrification (NO3) which can go through denitrification to create atmospheric nitrogen
organic nitrogen(N), from assimilation, can go through ammonification to create ammonium

42
Q

phosphorous cycling

A

phosphorous lost through sedimentation that may not be biologically available again for millennia

43
Q

what is a hormone

A

a chemical substance produced in one part of an organism and transported to another part where it controls a specific metabolic process

44
Q

function of auxin

A

stimulates hydrogen into cell walls - weakens them - cell expands
cell elongation= tropisms
phototropism - movement in response to light (cells on shady side of plant elongate to push it over0
thigmotropism - movement in response to touch
geotropism - movement in response to gravity
fruit enlargement, inhibits growth of lateral buds

45
Q

function of gibberellin

A

breaks down endosperm prior to germination (promotes germination), stimulates rapid cell division

46
Q

cytokinin

A

induces cell division, prevents senescence, directs growth (works with auxin), produced at tips of roots

47
Q

ethylene

A

gas, fruit ripening and loosening, flowering, leaf abscision, stem thickening (growing in all directions in response to stress)

48
Q

abscisic acid

A

regulates stomata, maintains dormancy (inhibits germination), counteracts effects of other hormones

49
Q

interactions between auxin and gibberellin

A

rapid stem growth
bolting - combo rapid cell division and cell elongation

50
Q

interactions between auxin and cytokinin

A

auxin - produced in apical meristem of shoots
cytokinin - produced in apical meristem of roots
high A/C ratio (more auxin) = root growth
low A/C ratio (more cytokinin) = stem growth

ENVS 207 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions