quiz 2

Question 1

animal vs plant life cycles

Answer 1

animal life cycles go through the process of mitosis and meiosis once
mitosis results in an organism, meiosis results in creating more gametes and haploid cells
plant life cycles go through mitosis twice and meiosis once
mitosis creates a sporophyte, meiosis creates spores (gametophyte), mitosis creates gametes and haploids
diploid side - produces sporophyte, 2 nuclei
haploid side - created after diploid side, 1 nuclei, creates gametophyte

Question 2

first and last cells of each plant life cycle generation … produced by meiosis vs mitosis

Answer 2

1st - gamete
mitosis - sporophyte
meiosis - spore
mitosis - sporophyte -> gametophyte

Question 3

male gametophyte

Answer 3

what: pollen grain becomes male gametophyte through germination
where:
liverworts/mosses -
ferns -
angiosperms - pollen grain

Question 4

female gametophyte

Answer 4

what: can be known as the embryo sac, form gametes that are the base of fertalization
where:
liverworts/mosses -
ferns -
angiosperm - in ovary (produces egg), small

Question 5

gametophyte relation to sporophyte

Answer 5

liverworts/mosses - gametophyte is most conspicuous, sporophyte resides on gametophyte
ferns - sporophyte is most conspicuous, separate from gametophyte
gymno/angiosperms - sporophyte is most conspicuous, gametophyte resides on sporophyte

Question 6

function of 2 nuclei in pollen grain

Answer 6

haploid nuclei
creates two sperm cells
the tube nucleus digs pollen tube

Question 7

function of 2 sperm produced by generative nucleus

Answer 7

joins with egg to create zygote
fuses with central nuclei = endosperm (placenta vibes)

Question 8

cotyledon function in monocot

Answer 8

moves food from storage from endosperm (food storage) to zygote

Question 9

cotyledon function in dicot

Answer 9

energy storage

Question 10

criteria for seed germination

Answer 10

H2O and O2, needed for cellular respiration and enzymatic breakdown of energy storage molecule
soil temp (cool season - 7-30C, warm season 16-35C)

Question 11

plant hardiness zones

Answer 11

tell when to plant species depending on inter-species variation in cold hardiness

Question 12

mechanisms for breaking dormancy

Answer 12

scarification - breaking seed coat
repeated freezing and thawing of soil (seed must have gone through a full winter
gut passage through herbivore
mechanical abrasion by humans
washing of inhibitory chemicals off of seed coat (common in regions with unpredictable rainfall and ensures rain will persist)
exposure to light (small seeds run out of energy when not exposed to light)
exposure to fire

Question 13

mechanisms for seed dispersal

Answer 13

passive:
wind, water, ballistic, shaker, animal
active:
animal

Question 13

changes in embryo weight, food reserves, and H2O in seeds from fertilization, dormancy, and germination

Answer 13

changes in embryo weight:
starts at 0, grows, flattens during dormancy, increases
changes in food reserves:
starts high, decreases and flattens during dormancy, decreases during germination
changes in water:
starts at 0, flattens during dormancy, increases during germination

Question 14

fermentation and limits of alcohol concentration

Answer 14

fermentation - anaerobic biochemical process performed by yeast. simple sugars broken down to produce ATP, creating CO2 and ethyl alcohol as waste
without distillation, alcohol can only become 18%

Question 15

why malting

Answer 15

malt - sprouted grain, initiates conversation of endosperm to sugar for fermentation
provides sugar for fermentation

Question 16

distillation and proof

Answer 16

heating and cooling to make alcohol more pure
distillation can yield up to 99.99% alcohol
proof = 2x alcohol content

Question 17

plant sugar sources for alcoholic beverages

Answer 17

beer - grain (barley, wheat, rye)
wine - fruit juice (grapes)
arrack - coconut flower
sorgo - sorgum
pulque - blue agave
chicha - chewed cassava or corn
mead - honey

Question 18

blood alcohol content and weight

Answer 18

higher weight = more alcohol to reach the same blood alcohol content

Question 19

effects on fetal development

Answer 19

early months can effect more dramatically because fundamental things are being created, later on there is less impact

Question 20

photosynthesis function and relationship to cellular respiration

Answer 20

inorganic carbon converted into organic carbon
fixed carbon compounds provide combustible fuel
the products fuel cellular respiration

Question 21

chloroplast structure

Answer 21

grana - site of “light reaction”, pigments embedded in thylakoid membranes
stroma - site of “light independent reactions”, CO2 fixed into sugar (glucose)

Question 22

light reactions

Answer 22

function - (requires light), captures light energy and causes electrons to exist in a higher energy state, forms electron carrier molecules (ATP and NADPH2), splits H2O, uses H+ and electrons and spits O2 out as waste
location - grana
inputs - light, H2O, ADP, NADP+
outputs - O2 as waste, ATP, NADPH2

Question 23

light independent reactions

Answer 23

function - creates sugar from CO2
location - stroma
inputs - ATP, NADPH2, CO2
outputs - RuBP, C6H12O6 (sugar), Phosphorous, ADP, NADP

Question 24

significance of engelmanns experiment

Answer 24

used a prism to discover which light was the most productive for photosynthesis - red and blue are most productive for photosynthesis

Question 25

accessory pigments

Answer 25

pigment that absorbs light at different wavelengths and passes energy onto other chlorophyll
not chlorophyll pigments

Question 26

function of antennae molecules

Answer 26

extra molecules that leave the reaction center to maximize energy, increases surface area to pull in more energy

Question 27

function of reaction center

Answer 27

holds magnesium, where photosynthesis reaction happens

Question 28

source of “excited” electrons from reaction center and O2 waste

Answer 28

light causes electrons to become excited

Question 29

function of RuBP carboxylase (RUBISCO)

Answer 29

it is the catalyst for binding RuBP to CO2 during carbon fixation

Question 30

why C-3 plants are inefficient in high light environments

Answer 30

RuBP can’t differentiate between CO2 and O2 which means they compete for active site on RUBISCO

Question 31

why are C-4 plants good in high light environments

Answer 31

the first stable molecule is Carbon-4, physically separated light dependent and independent reactions

Question 32

conditions favoring CAM plants and how is photosynthesis modified

Answer 32

Crassulacean Acid Metabolism - hot and arid regions
seperates light dependent and independent reactions by time