Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

ENVS 207 > test 1 > Flashcards

test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

photosynthesis function

A

sunlight energy transformed to chemical energy within glucose
atmospheric CO2 used as carbon source
O2 produced as waste product
occurs in chloroplasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

cellular respiration

A

occurs in aerobic organisms and harnesses chemical energy within glucose to produce ATP
more efficient than fermentation (produces more ATP from one molecule of glucose)
requires O2
produces CO2 as waste product
occurs in mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

plants are autotrophs

A

base of food chain, make sunlight energy available

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

fixed carbon compounds

A

used to build plant tissues/chemicals
provide combustible fuel source
provides carbon sink to keep atmospheric CO2 concentration down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

greenhouse gasses

A

CO2, CH4, H2O, NOx, O3
vibrate when hit with UV light, generates heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

hierarchical classification system

A

used to categorize species according to evolutionary relatedness
each species given a unique 2 part name - describer identified as authority
needed because same species may have many common names

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

plant divisions

A

bryophytes - liverworts and mosses, no vascular system, no seeds
ferns and horsetails - vascular system, no seeds
gymnosperms - conifers, ginkos, cycads, produce seeds, not protected in ovary
angiosperms.- produce seeds, protected within ovary – monocot or dicot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

monocot

A

petals in multiples of three, parallel-veined and attached with sheath,, fibrous for erosion control, pollen grains with one pore, no organization in stem, stomata have openings at top and bottom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

dicot

A

multiples of 4 or 5, net veined and attached with petiole, primary taproot, pollen grains with 3 pores, circular stem, stomata with opening at bottom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

annual

A

progress from germination to seed production to death in one season

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

biennial

A

two year life cycle - year 1 - germination, growth, energy allocation to storage root
year 2 - flowering, seed production, death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

perennial

A

multi-year life cycle, woody or herbaceous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

function of a root

A

anchorage, water and mineral uptake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

function of leaves

A

absorbs sunlight, takes up CO2 and makes sugar, transpiration of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

function of stems

A

elevates and distributes leaves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

function of flowers

A

house reproductive organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

meristematic tissue (apical meristem vs lateral meristem)

A

capable of cell division
apical meristem - tip of roots and terminal and axillary buds - produce procambium, ground meristem, and protoderm
lateral meristems - create girth of plants with vascular cambuim and cork cambium - produced by procambium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

permanent tissue

A

cant divide but can elongate
made up of epidermis, cortex, pith, primary xylem, primary phloem, secondary xylem, and secondary phloem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

epidermis

A

produced by protoderm, external covering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

cortex

A

produced by ground meristem, inside epidermis, general body tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

pith

A

produced by ground meristem, center of stem, starch and sugar storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

primary xylem

A

produced by procambium, transports water, vessel elements, dead

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

primary phloem

A

produced by procambium, transports sugar, sieve cells, live

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

secondary xylem

A

produced by vascular cambium, wood, water transport and waste storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
secondary phloem
produced by vascular cambium, sugar transport, displaced primary phloem
25
cell wall
made of three layers - primary, secondary, middle lamella
26
primary cell wall
made of cellulose, flexible
27
secondary cell wall
made of lignin, rigid support, inside primary cell wall
28
middle lamella
made of pectin, glues cells together, outside primary cell wall pectin is used in solidifying jams and jellies plasmodesmata - cell to cell passageways
29
plasmodesmata
cell to cell passageways through cell walls
30
parenchyma cells
the primary cell wall, living, makes up most plant tissues
31
collenchyma cells
thicker primary cell wall, living, flexible support
32
sclerenchyma
plasmodesmata blocked, dead, rigid support two types - sclerids - used to form thick hard coverings and fibers - vessel elements and tracheids make up primary and secondary xylem
33
nucleus
contains DNA
34
mitochondria
cite of cellular respiration, produces ATP
35
vacuoles
contains H2O, water soluble pigments and toxins, facilitates elongation
36
plastids (types)
chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leucoplasts
37
chloroplasts
contains chlorophyll, photosynthesis
38
chromoplasts
contains carotenoid pigments (orange/yellow/red), color fruits flowers, converted from chloroplasts in fall after chlorophyll is broken down
39
leucoplasts
contains starch or sugar, used to store energy
40
dyes
generated from plant produced pigments human uses = body paint and fabric color mordant saffron from stamens of crocus used to dye robes of persian emperors processing of indego indego history in england
41
root cap
protects apical meristem, produces mucigel to facilitate passage through soil, mucigel provides medium for soil bacteria that increases P availability via exoenzymes
42
root hairs
increase area of soil accessible for water and mineral uptake
43
rizosphere
soil directly influenced by root secretions and associated microbiotia (root microbiome)
44
mycorrhizae
fungal symbiont in most plants, increases ability to extract P from soil
45
mycorrhizal communication network
can warn plants of bacteria, share nutrients with other plants
46
root nodules
bacteria symbiont in some plants, increases availability of N through nitrogen fixation
47
crop rotation
alternating N fixing and non-fixing plants in agricultural plots, replenishes N in the soil, defense against crop pathogens
48
synthetic N fixation
makes synthetic fertilizers, human N fixation exceeds natural, excess N gets into waterways and produces oceanic dead zones
49
oceanic dead zones
N stimulates algal blooms, algae die or are eaten, dead algae and fecal material stimulate bacterial growth which depletes oxygen
50
root modifications for specialized use
prop roots - support top-heavy plants, expand areas of soil water/nutrient access pneumatophores - allow O2 uptake from air for plants rooted in anoxic sediments parasitic roots - allow plant to access sugar/water from host plant food storage/water storage
51
stems
terminal buds (tips of branches), axillary buds (at nodes, produce lateral branches) lenticels - pores in periderm to allow O2 into stem
52
stem modification for specialized use
tuber - food storage photosynthetic - hot, arid areas where photosynthetic leaves would be bad water storage - hot, arid areas where rain is intermittent and unpredictable stolon - above ground, allows plants to spread laterally rhizomes - below ground, allows plants to spread laterally, also food storage tendrils - allow plants to climb thorns - protection
53
wood
secondary vascular tissue produced by vascular cambium (not produced by monocots) secondary xylem internal - dead secondary phloem, just inside bark - living
54
sapwood
external part of trunk, includes unclogged secondary xylem and secondary phloem water and sugar transport
55
heartwood
central part of trunk, xylem clogged with waste material, increases in size as trunk thickens, differs in color among species depending on type of waste
56
xylem rays
living cells that transport waste from sapwood to heartwood
57
annual rings
formed because growth slows at end of growing season forming denser tissue can be used to estimate growth rate, age, past environmental conditions
58
ring porous wood
large vessel elements clustered in wood laid down in spring
59
diffuse porous wood
large vessel elements distributed sparsely throughout annual growth
60
wood density
amount of organic material in a set volume determines fuel and burning rate
61
figure
visual appearance of a cut piece of wood influenced by: color - varies depending on presence of sapwood or heartwood and metabolic wastes stored cut - how wood was cut relative to position of growth rings grain - influenced by orientation of wood elements relative to longitudinal axis of cut surface texture - influenced by rays, clusters of vessel elements, growth ring thickness, knots
62
fibers
a type of sclerenchyma cell - long, tapering at both ends used for structural support
63
plant vs animal fibers
how long used by humans - plant fibers have been used for much longer than animal sustainability - plant fibers are not denatured when boiled like animal fibers building blocks - cellulose (plants) and protein (animal) susceptibility to pests - bacteria and fungi (plant) and silverfish and moth (animal)
64
how are fibers used by humans
wood (paper), seed (cotton), fruit (coconut husks), leaf (paper, currency, tea bags), stem (textiles)
65
fiber extraction process
retting - soak fiber containing material in bacteria laden water to degrade non-fibers scutching - beating material out of retted material to loosen non-fiber waste (then wash) hackling - combing the scutched wad straight
66
components of leaves
petiole in dicots/sheath in monocots, blade, leaflets for compound leaves, stipules
67
types of leaves
simple - basic leaf palmately compound - leaf with many leaflets attached bipinnately compound - weed looking leaf
68
orientation of leaves
alternate - leaves alternating sides opposite - leaves have a pair on either side of the stem whorled - many leaves with pairs
69
dicot leaf structure
cuticle - waxy layer on surfaces, prevents water loss or pathogen entry pallisade parenchyma - upper surface, densely packed, photosynthesis spongy parenchyma - lower surface, loosely packed, facilitates gas exchange stomata - pores that can be opened and closed for uptake of CO2 and loss of H2O
70
leaf modifications for special use
bracts - color with chromoplasts (attracts pollinating organisms) spines - from blades or stipules (protection from grazing in hot, arid regions) facultative photosynthetic leaf production, generates blades only when water is available food storage - bulb carnivorous - supplement nutrients from animal tissue in nutrient poor habitats
71
flower structure
stamen - male reproductive structure (anther - produces pollen which produces sperm) pistil - female reproductive structure (stigma - receives pollen ovary - produces eggs and protects seeds receptacle - supports (superior) or protects (inferior) ovary corolla - consists of petals, may attract pollinators if plant requires sepals - protect developing flower bud tepals - sepals that have become colored and turn into petals)
72
types of flowers
perfect flower - contains male and female reproductive parts in same flower imperfect flower - contains either a male or female component
73
monoecious vs dioecious plants
monoecious - produces either perfect flowers or imperfect male and female flowers on the same individual dioecious - produces either male OR female imperfect flowers, never both
74
human uses for flowers
food, aesthetics, perfumes
75
pollination
deposition of pollen on stigma as prelude to fertalization
76
why pollination
cross pollinators enhance genetic diversity and adaptability
77
how to prevent self fertalization
male/female parts positioned so pollinators cant access both simultaneously recognition and rejection of own pollen maturation of anthers and receptivity of stigma occur at different times dioecious
78
passive pollination
wind or water, non showy, non fragrant corolla hanging stamens, lots of pollen, net like stigmas
79
active pollination
transfer by animals
80
bird pollination
red color, non fragrant, large inflorescences, lots of nectar
81
butterfly pollination
red/orange color, sweet fragrance, small flower/narrow floral tube
82
bee pollination
blue or yellow, sweet fragrance, uv visible nectar guides and landing platform
83
beetle pollination
dull yellow or white, yeasty odor, inferior ovaries, food packets on petals
84
bat pollination
yellow or white, yeasty odor, night blooming, large flowers and lots of pollen
85
attraction via deception
flower structure attracts males to mate and females to lay eggs
86
fruit (def and function)
ripened ovary (produced by angiosperm)
87
fruit tissues/pericarp
pericarp = exocarp, mesocarp, endocarp exocarp - skin mesocarp - tissue endocarp - pit?
88
simple fruit
from single ovary single carpel and one seed single carpel and many seeds several carpels and one or more seeds
89
aggregate fruit
derived from multiple ovaries on a single flower
90
multiple fruits
derived from the fusion of multiple ovaries from separate flowers in an inflorescence
91
accessory fruit
composed primarily of non-ovarian tissue (receptacle or floral tube)

ENVS 207 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions