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ENVS 207 > test 1 > Flashcards

test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

photosynthesis function

A

sunlight energy transformed to chemical energy within glucose
atmospheric CO2 used as carbon source
O2 produced as waste product
occurs in chloroplasts

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1
Q

cellular respiration

A

occurs in aerobic organisms and harnesses chemical energy within glucose to produce ATP
more efficient than fermentation (produces more ATP from one molecule of glucose)
requires O2
produces CO2 as waste product
occurs in mitochondria

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2
Q

plants are autotrophs

A

base of food chain, make sunlight energy available

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3
Q

fixed carbon compounds

A

used to build plant tissues/chemicals
provide combustible fuel source
provides carbon sink to keep atmospheric CO2 concentration down

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4
Q

greenhouse gasses

A

CO2, CH4, H2O, NOx, O3
vibrate when hit with UV light, generates heat

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5
Q

hierarchical classification system

A

used to categorize species according to evolutionary relatedness
each species given a unique 2 part name - describer identified as authority
needed because same species may have many common names

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6
Q

plant divisions

A

bryophytes - liverworts and mosses, no vascular system, no seeds
ferns and horsetails - vascular system, no seeds
gymnosperms - conifers, ginkos, cycads, produce seeds, not protected in ovary
angiosperms.- produce seeds, protected within ovary – monocot or dicot

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7
Q

monocot

A

petals in multiples of three, parallel-veined and attached with sheath,, fibrous for erosion control, pollen grains with one pore, no organization in stem, stomata have openings at top and bottom

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8
Q

dicot

A

multiples of 4 or 5, net veined and attached with petiole, primary taproot, pollen grains with 3 pores, circular stem, stomata with opening at bottom

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9
Q

annual

A

progress from germination to seed production to death in one season

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10
Q

biennial

A

two year life cycle - year 1 - germination, growth, energy allocation to storage root
year 2 - flowering, seed production, death

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11
Q

perennial

A

multi-year life cycle, woody or herbaceous

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12
Q

function of a root

A

anchorage, water and mineral uptake

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13
Q

function of leaves

A

absorbs sunlight, takes up CO2 and makes sugar, transpiration of water

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14
Q

function of stems

A

elevates and distributes leaves

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15
Q

function of flowers

A

house reproductive organs

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16
Q

meristematic tissue (apical meristem vs lateral meristem)

A

capable of cell division
apical meristem - tip of roots and terminal and axillary buds - produce procambium, ground meristem, and protoderm
lateral meristems - create girth of plants with vascular cambuim and cork cambium - produced by procambium

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17
Q

permanent tissue

A

cant divide but can elongate
made up of epidermis, cortex, pith, primary xylem, primary phloem, secondary xylem, and secondary phloem

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18
Q

epidermis

A

produced by protoderm, external covering

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19
Q

cortex

A

produced by ground meristem, inside epidermis, general body tissue

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20
Q

pith

A

produced by ground meristem, center of stem, starch and sugar storage

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21
Q

primary xylem

A

produced by procambium, transports water, vessel elements, dead

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22
Q

primary phloem

A

produced by procambium, transports sugar, sieve cells, live

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23
Q

secondary xylem

A

produced by vascular cambium, wood, water transport and waste storage

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24
Q

secondary phloem

A

produced by vascular cambium, sugar transport, displaced primary phloem

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25
Q

cell wall

A

made of three layers - primary, secondary, middle lamella

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26
Q

primary cell wall

A

made of cellulose, flexible

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27
Q

secondary cell wall

A

made of lignin, rigid support, inside primary cell wall

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28
Q

middle lamella

A

made of pectin, glues cells together, outside primary cell wall
pectin is used in solidifying jams and jellies
plasmodesmata - cell to cell passageways

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29
Q

plasmodesmata

A

cell to cell passageways through cell walls

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30
Q

parenchyma cells

A

the primary cell wall, living, makes up most plant tissues

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31
Q

collenchyma cells

A

thicker primary cell wall, living, flexible support

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32
Q

sclerenchyma

A

plasmodesmata blocked, dead, rigid support
two types - sclerids - used to form thick hard coverings and fibers - vessel elements and tracheids make up primary and secondary xylem

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33
Q

nucleus

A

contains DNA

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34
Q

mitochondria

A

cite of cellular respiration, produces ATP

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35
Q

vacuoles

A

contains H2O, water soluble pigments and toxins, facilitates elongation

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36
Q

plastids (types)

A

chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leucoplasts

37
Q

chloroplasts

A

contains chlorophyll, photosynthesis

38
Q

chromoplasts

A

contains carotenoid pigments (orange/yellow/red), color fruits flowers, converted from chloroplasts in fall after chlorophyll is broken down

39
Q

leucoplasts

A

contains starch or sugar, used to store energy

40
Q

dyes

A

generated from plant produced pigments
human uses = body paint and fabric color
mordant
saffron from stamens of crocus
used to dye robes of persian emperors
processing of indego
indego history in england

41
Q

root cap

A

protects apical meristem, produces mucigel to facilitate passage through soil, mucigel provides medium for soil bacteria that increases P availability via exoenzymes

42
Q

root hairs

A

increase area of soil accessible for water and mineral uptake

43
Q

rizosphere

A

soil directly influenced by root secretions and associated microbiotia (root microbiome)

44
Q

mycorrhizae

A

fungal symbiont in most plants, increases ability to extract P from soil

45
Q

mycorrhizal communication network

A

can warn plants of bacteria, share nutrients with other plants

46
Q

root nodules

A

bacteria symbiont in some plants, increases availability of N through nitrogen fixation

47
Q

crop rotation

A

alternating N fixing and non-fixing plants in agricultural plots, replenishes N in the soil, defense against crop pathogens

48
Q

synthetic N fixation

A

makes synthetic fertilizers, human N fixation exceeds natural, excess N gets into waterways and produces oceanic dead zones

49
Q

oceanic dead zones

A

N stimulates algal blooms, algae die or are eaten, dead algae and fecal material stimulate bacterial growth which depletes oxygen

50
Q

root modifications for specialized use

A

prop roots - support top-heavy plants, expand areas of soil water/nutrient access
pneumatophores - allow O2 uptake from air for plants rooted in anoxic sediments
parasitic roots - allow plant to access sugar/water from host plant
food storage/water storage

51
Q

stems

A

terminal buds (tips of branches), axillary buds (at nodes, produce lateral branches)
lenticels - pores in periderm to allow O2 into stem

52
Q

stem modification for specialized use

A

tuber - food storage
photosynthetic - hot, arid areas where photosynthetic leaves would be bad
water storage - hot, arid areas where rain is intermittent and unpredictable
stolon - above ground, allows plants to spread laterally
rhizomes - below ground, allows plants to spread laterally, also food storage
tendrils - allow plants to climb
thorns - protection

53
Q

wood

A

secondary vascular tissue produced by vascular cambium (not produced by monocots)
secondary xylem internal - dead
secondary phloem, just inside bark - living

54
Q

sapwood

A

external part of trunk, includes unclogged secondary xylem and secondary phloem
water and sugar transport

55
Q

heartwood

A

central part of trunk, xylem clogged with waste material, increases in size as trunk thickens, differs in color among species depending on type of waste

56
Q

xylem rays

A

living cells that transport waste from sapwood to heartwood

57
Q

annual rings

A

formed because growth slows at end of growing season forming denser tissue
can be used to estimate growth rate, age, past environmental conditions

58
Q

ring porous wood

A

large vessel elements clustered in wood laid down in spring

59
Q

diffuse porous wood

A

large vessel elements distributed sparsely throughout annual growth

60
Q

wood density

A

amount of organic material in a set volume
determines fuel and burning rate

61
Q

figure

A

visual appearance of a cut piece of wood
influenced by:
color - varies depending on presence of sapwood or heartwood and metabolic wastes stored
cut - how wood was cut relative to position of growth rings
grain - influenced by orientation of wood elements relative to longitudinal axis of cut surface
texture - influenced by rays, clusters of vessel elements, growth ring thickness, knots

62
Q

fibers

A

a type of sclerenchyma cell - long, tapering at both ends
used for structural support

63
Q

plant vs animal fibers

A

how long used by humans - plant fibers have been used for much longer than animal
sustainability - plant fibers are not denatured when boiled like animal fibers
building blocks - cellulose (plants) and protein (animal)
susceptibility to pests - bacteria and fungi (plant) and silverfish and moth (animal)

64
Q

how are fibers used by humans

A

wood (paper), seed (cotton), fruit (coconut husks), leaf (paper, currency, tea bags), stem (textiles)

65
Q

fiber extraction process

A

retting - soak fiber containing material in bacteria laden water to degrade non-fibers
scutching - beating material out of retted material to loosen non-fiber waste (then wash)
hackling - combing the scutched wad straight

66
Q

components of leaves

A

petiole in dicots/sheath in monocots, blade, leaflets for compound leaves, stipules

67
Q

types of leaves

A

simple - basic leaf
palmately compound - leaf with many leaflets attached
bipinnately compound - weed looking leaf

68
Q

orientation of leaves

A

alternate - leaves alternating sides
opposite - leaves have a pair on either side of the stem
whorled - many leaves with pairs

69
Q

dicot leaf structure

A

cuticle - waxy layer on surfaces, prevents water loss or pathogen entry
pallisade parenchyma - upper surface, densely packed, photosynthesis
spongy parenchyma - lower surface, loosely packed, facilitates gas exchange
stomata - pores that can be opened and closed for uptake of CO2 and loss of H2O

70
Q

leaf modifications for special use

A

bracts - color with chromoplasts (attracts pollinating organisms)
spines - from blades or stipules (protection from grazing in hot, arid regions)
facultative photosynthetic leaf production, generates blades only when water is available
food storage - bulb
carnivorous - supplement nutrients from animal tissue in nutrient poor habitats

71
Q

flower structure

A

stamen - male reproductive structure (anther - produces pollen which produces sperm)
pistil - female reproductive structure (stigma - receives pollen
ovary - produces eggs and protects seeds
receptacle - supports (superior) or protects (inferior) ovary
corolla - consists of petals, may attract pollinators if plant requires
sepals - protect developing flower bud
tepals - sepals that have become colored and turn into petals)

72
Q

types of flowers

A

perfect flower - contains male and female reproductive parts in same flower
imperfect flower - contains either a male or female component

73
Q

monoecious vs dioecious plants

A

monoecious - produces either perfect flowers or imperfect male and female flowers on the same individual
dioecious - produces either male OR female imperfect flowers, never both

74
Q

human uses for flowers

A

food, aesthetics, perfumes

75
Q

pollination

A

deposition of pollen on stigma as prelude to fertalization

76
Q

why pollination

A

cross pollinators enhance genetic diversity and adaptability

77
Q

how to prevent self fertalization

A

male/female parts positioned so pollinators cant access both simultaneously
recognition and rejection of own pollen
maturation of anthers and receptivity of stigma occur at different times
dioecious

78
Q

passive pollination

A

wind or water, non showy, non fragrant corolla
hanging stamens, lots of pollen, net like stigmas

79
Q

active pollination

A

transfer by animals

80
Q

bird pollination

A

red color, non fragrant, large inflorescences, lots of nectar

81
Q

butterfly pollination

A

red/orange color, sweet fragrance, small flower/narrow floral tube

82
Q

bee pollination

A

blue or yellow, sweet fragrance, uv visible nectar guides and landing platform

83
Q

beetle pollination

A

dull yellow or white, yeasty odor, inferior ovaries, food packets on petals

84
Q

bat pollination

A

yellow or white, yeasty odor, night blooming, large flowers and lots of pollen

85
Q

attraction via deception

A

flower structure attracts males to mate and females to lay eggs

86
Q

fruit (def and function)

A

ripened ovary (produced by angiosperm)

87
Q

fruit tissues/pericarp

A

pericarp = exocarp, mesocarp, endocarp
exocarp - skin
mesocarp - tissue
endocarp - pit?

88
Q

simple fruit

A

from single ovary
single carpel and one seed
single carpel and many seeds
several carpels and one or more seeds

89
Q

aggregate fruit

A

derived from multiple ovaries on a single flower

90
Q

multiple fruits

A

derived from the fusion of multiple ovaries from separate flowers in an inflorescence

91
Q

accessory fruit

A

composed primarily of non-ovarian tissue (receptacle or floral tube)

ENVS 207 (6 decks)

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