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final Flashcards

1
Q

agriculture origins and impacts on civilization and human health

A

developed 9000-10000 years ago
carbon dating or pollen grains
many civilizations begun practicing at the same time, it was not connected
hunter gatherers began watering plants which became planting
they grew enough food for themselves which created a surplus
civilization - increased populations, war, incentivized to become less nomadic, diversification of activities and ideas, development of tech, increased trade
human and environmental health - increased standard of living, selective breeding, trade, sanitation issues, decreased biodiversity, conflict, deforestation, malnutrition

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2
Q

domestication

A

ability to develop different crops from single parent species
genetic modification of a species through human intervention
a single plant can create many crops (brassica oleraracea) - wild mustard into brussel sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli

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3
Q

domestication methods

A

selective breeding
different levels of specificity
hybridization - reproduction between two varying species can choose seeds from plants of good quality for planting next years crops
manually pollinate using pollen from known donor

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4
Q

why are some species more available for domestication than others

A

almond vs acorn
some plants have incredibly toxic genes that would be dangerous to try and domesticate
other plants have toxic genes that can be bread out of them

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5
Q

centers of origin for crops

A

location of wild relatives
pre/post columbian dietary shifts
brought corn, potatoes, tomatoes, and peppers to europe
brought wheat to west indies

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6
Q

dangers of relying on limited crop varieties

A

lack of biodiverstiy and crop variety can make plants susceptible to blights and also create a bad diet for those growing plants
more vulnerable to pets and pathogens

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7
Q

genetic engineering

A

human manipulation of selected genes
able to produce multicellular individual in which all cells have the change and can pass it onto the offspring

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8
Q

methods of genetic engineering

A

engineered plasmid, anti-biotic resistance gene and gene of interest

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9
Q

green revolution

A

benefits - development of new crop varieties, increased food production on the same amount of land
drawbacks - energy intensive, increased water use, gmo seeds, more pesticides and fertilizer

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10
Q

polyculture vs monoculture

A

benefits of polyculture and drawbacks of monoculture - soil regeneration, high microbial diversity, genetic diversity
benefits of monoculture and drawbacks of polyculture - high efficiency, less labor use

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11
Q

why was the green revolution ineffective in Africa

A

shortage of trained plant breeders, poor yielding varieties, lack of appropriate infrastructure, expense of program

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12
Q

issues associated with flav-r-savr tomatoes

A

people were worried about gmos, high production costs, companies lack of experience in growing produce

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13
Q

issues with golden rice

A

engineered to add beta keratine
protested by environmental groups
too expensive

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14
Q

rationale for developing roundup ready and Bt crops

A

pre-harvest spraying (dessication) - kill crops to allow for uniform drying and allows earlier harvest, dangers of pesticide drift - can result in failed crop yield because of glyphosate, prevalence of glyphosate, presence in organisms and products - glyphosate is found everywhere, global variation in use of GE crops

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15
Q

range of % loss of crop production due to pests pathogens or weeds

A

significant (34.9)

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16
Q

plant spots

A

localized areas of dead tissue on leaves, fruits, or flowers
bacterial of fungal
reduces productivity

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17
Q

plant soft rots

A

black and slimy
affects storage organs or fruits
non-lethal
bacterial or fungal

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18
Q

plant wilts

A

vessel element blocks flow of water
bacterial
caused by chewing of bugs

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19
Q

plant smuts and rusts

A

within family of basidiomycota, fungal mycelia that produces spores on flowers
fungal
can be considered a delicacy
non lethal

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20
Q

plant galls

A

tumor growth induced by introduction of plasmid into plant tissue by agrobacteria
non-lethal
agrobacterium - plasmids
takes sugar away from plant

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21
Q

blights

A

rapidly spreading necroses that can kill plant within single growing system
lethality
fungal
danger of monoculture
the potato famine!!

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22
Q

beneficial insects vs pest insects

A

pest - aphid, tomato hornworm, japanese beetle grub
beneficial - ladybug and larvae, praying mantis

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23
Q

chemical control of pests

A

drawbacks - pest species develop resistance, pesticides can harm non target species
biomagnification - toxin increases as you go up the food chain
harm to non-target species
human health issues
pest resistance

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24
Q

biological control of pests

A

predators
parasitic wasps - find pests and lay eggs on them that hatch and infect pests
bacillus thurengiensis - gene is turned on in the guts of caterpillars
liminoid sprays - citrus spray that wards off pests
bug juice - bug guts deter bugs from targeting plants
inter-planting of plants that release deterrent chemicals - lead bugs to decoy plants to turn them away from main crops
pheromone attractants - releasing of pheromones to attract males of the species
release of reproductively incompatible species - genitalia lock and then they die

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25
plants release chemicals that attract...
predators and parasites of caterpillars consuming them
26
plant chemicals link to pharmaceuticals and indigenous knowledge
indigenous knowledge is used to understand the properties of plants in order to create effective pharmaceuticals plant chemicals are the model for synthetic drugs
27
categories of plant chemicals
alkaloids - nitrogen atom, rigid structure (cocaine, atropine, theobromine) glycosides - 2 part chemicals (sugar attached to x factor) (cardiac glycoside and cyanogenic glycoside) organic acids - (salicylic acid, oxalic acid) resin/resinoids - (THC)
28
why are plant chemicals stored in vacuoles
glycosides are stored in vacuoles which break open to release chemical
29
plant that makes morphine
opium poppy
30
plant that makes quinine
chinchona officianalis
31
plant that makes caffiene
theobroma cacao, camillia sinensis
32
plant that makes digitoxin
foxglove
33
plant that makes cocaine
erythroxylem coca
34
plant that makes THC
cannabis
35
plant that makes atropine
nightshade family
36
plant that makes salicylic acid
salix nigra - black willow
37
neurotransmitters
role and where are they found (released from neurons into synapse) are impacted by psychoactive plant chemicals
38
ACH, norepinepherin, seratonin, neuropeptides
ACH - skeletal muscles, broken down in synapse norepinephrine - regulation of mood, brain reward system seratonin - sensory perception, onset of sleep neuropeptides - painkiller
39
significance of norepinepherin and seratonin being reused
not synthesized after each use cocaine is a stimulant
40
mode of action of plant chemicals that influence nerve function (stimulants/depressants/anti-psycotics)
41
cannabis (marijuana, hemp)
center of origin (use by indigenous people) - native to china active chemical - THC physiological effects - attaches to cannabinoid receptors and reduces activity in the hippocampus, suppresses nausea relative importance as a psychoactive agent - fiber source through history - ropes, fishnets, clothing history of use/legal status in America - hemp ban in 1940s after pressure from dupont corp
42
opium poppy
center of origin (use by indigenous people) - native to china, latex balls used to induce sleep or relieve pain source and effectiveness/addictiveness as painkiller - is a painkiller, but with excessive use becomes an addiction papaverine, codeine, morphine mode of action/effects on nervous system - opium wars (countries involved, why) - China banned Britain from trading opium for Chinese goods, China opened trade back up origin of heroin - was created to make a less addictive painkiller
43
erythraxylem coca
source of cocaine - erythroxylem coca center of origin (use by indigenous people) - native to south america, used to relieve hunger and fatigue mode of action/effects on nervous system - relieves hunger and fatigue, blocks reabsorption of norepinephrine history of use - found in coca cola
44
nightshade family
atropine (medicinal and psychoactive uses/effects) - muscle relaxant, hallucinogens feel like flying, sense of body dissolusion link to witchcraft - henbane - used in middle ages to transform into animals and fly on broomsticks
45
stimulating beverages
caffeine - general cellular stimulant mode of action - blocks adenosine receptors which induce sleep relative (not actual) concentrations in products - dark chocolate (84%), coffee (24%), energy drinks (23%)
46
coffea arabica
center of origin (use by indigenous people) - abyssinian region (africa) geographic movement from center of origin to location of current highest production - brazil is highest producer source of the beverage - coffee, the berry
47
methods of decaffination
swiss water - soak in hot water, fluid through charcoal filter, green coffee extract is used to extract caffiene solvent - soak in water, chemicals added to fluid, beans are reintroduced to fluid to reabsorb flavors
48
theobroma cacao
center of origin (use by indigenous people) - central america, religious - only men could drink geographic movement from center of origin to location of current highest production - highest production is ivory coast source of chocolate - seeds difference between white, dark, and milk
49
camellia sinensis
center of origin (use by indigenous people) - native to china, only true tea is camellia sinensis geographic movement from center of origin to location of current highest production - india source of true tea - difference between green and black tea - green tea is shredded leaves rolled and heated, black tea is spread withered rolled and fermented
50
starch
functions - energy storage in plants where is it found - tubers and rhizomes human uses - thickener of sauces and gravy
51
gums
function - would repair in plants where is it found - human uses - prevents sugar crystalization, binds lunch meats, creamy lotions
52
latex
function - elastic properties where is it found - laticifers for plant defense human uses - latex, Aztec game ball
53
resin
plant uses - antibacterial and antiherbivore agent human uses - incense, embalming, prevent decomposition resin ducts - resin is secreted into resin ducts
54
herbs vs spices
55
spices
use relative to human evolution geographic variation in importance/human use defense of plants preserve food and fight bacteria tropics were heavily spiced because food goes bad faster in warmer climates
56
physiological effects of black pepper fruit
stimulates digestive enzymes dried fruit black - pre ripened and dried white - fully ripe green - immature fruit
57
physiological effects of clove flower
natural painkiller, toothaches, anti inflammatoy dried flowers
58
physiological effects of cinnamon bark
anti clotting, anti microbial, blood sugar control
59
physiological effects of turmeric root
arthritis relief (anti inflammatory) turmeric and black pepper together have higher bioavilability
60
physiological effects of nutmeg seed
61
physiological effects of mustard seed
expectorant, decongestant, anti bacterial, increases metabolism
62
essential oils
distilled from plant source material used in aroma therapy volatile oils, extracted from herbs and spices

ENVS 207 (6 decks)

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