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ENVS 207 > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

1
Q

agriculture origins and impacts on civilization and human health

A

developed 9000-10000 years ago
carbon dating or pollen grains
many civilizations begun practicing at the same time, it was not connected
hunter gatherers began watering plants which became planting
they grew enough food for themselves which created a surplus
civilization - increased populations, war, incentivized to become less nomadic, diversification of activities and ideas, development of tech, increased trade
human and environmental health - increased standard of living, selective breeding, trade, sanitation issues, decreased biodiversity, conflict, deforestation, malnutrition

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2
Q

domestication

A

ability to develop different crops from single parent species
genetic modification of a species through human intervention
a single plant can create many crops (brassica oleraracea) - wild mustard into brussel sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli

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3
Q

domestication methods

A

selective breeding
different levels of specificity
hybridization - reproduction between two varying species can choose seeds from plants of good quality for planting next years crops
manually pollinate using pollen from known donor

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4
Q

why are some species more available for domestication than others

A

almond vs acorn
some plants have incredibly toxic genes that would be dangerous to try and domesticate
other plants have toxic genes that can be bread out of them

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5
Q

centers of origin for crops

A

location of wild relatives
pre/post columbian dietary shifts
brought corn, potatoes, tomatoes, and peppers to europe
brought wheat to west indies

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6
Q

dangers of relying on limited crop varieties

A

lack of biodiverstiy and crop variety can make plants susceptible to blights and also create a bad diet for those growing plants
more vulnerable to pets and pathogens

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7
Q

genetic engineering

A

human manipulation of selected genes
able to produce multicellular individual in which all cells have the change and can pass it onto the offspring

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8
Q

methods of genetic engineering

A

engineered plasmid, anti-biotic resistance gene and gene of interest

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9
Q

green revolution

A

benefits - development of new crop varieties, increased food production on the same amount of land
drawbacks - energy intensive, increased water use, gmo seeds, more pesticides and fertilizer

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10
Q

polyculture vs monoculture

A

benefits of polyculture and drawbacks of monoculture - soil regeneration, high microbial diversity, genetic diversity
benefits of monoculture and drawbacks of polyculture - high efficiency, less labor use

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11
Q

why was the green revolution ineffective in Africa

A

shortage of trained plant breeders, poor yielding varieties, lack of appropriate infrastructure, expense of program

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12
Q

issues associated with flav-r-savr tomatoes

A

people were worried about gmos, high production costs, companies lack of experience in growing produce

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13
Q

issues with golden rice

A

engineered to add beta keratine
protested by environmental groups
too expensive

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14
Q

rationale for developing roundup ready and Bt crops

A

pre-harvest spraying (dessication) - kill crops to allow for uniform drying and allows earlier harvest, dangers of pesticide drift - can result in failed crop yield because of glyphosate, prevalence of glyphosate, presence in organisms and products - glyphosate is found everywhere, global variation in use of GE crops

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15
Q

range of % loss of crop production due to pests pathogens or weeds

A

significant (34.9)

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16
Q

plant spots

A

localized areas of dead tissue on leaves, fruits, or flowers
bacterial of fungal
reduces productivity

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17
Q

plant soft rots

A

black and slimy
affects storage organs or fruits
non-lethal
bacterial or fungal

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18
Q

plant wilts

A

vessel element blocks flow of water
bacterial
caused by chewing of bugs

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19
Q

plant smuts and rusts

A

within family of basidiomycota, fungal mycelia that produces spores on flowers
fungal
can be considered a delicacy
non lethal

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20
Q

plant galls

A

tumor growth induced by introduction of plasmid into plant tissue by agrobacteria
non-lethal
agrobacterium - plasmids
takes sugar away from plant

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21
Q

blights

A

rapidly spreading necroses that can kill plant within single growing system
lethality
fungal
danger of monoculture
the potato famine!!

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22
Q

beneficial insects vs pest insects

A

pest - aphid, tomato hornworm, japanese beetle grub
beneficial - ladybug and larvae, praying mantis

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23
Q

chemical control of pests

A

drawbacks - pest species develop resistance, pesticides can harm non target species
biomagnification - toxin increases as you go up the food chain
harm to non-target species
human health issues
pest resistance

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24
Q

biological control of pests

A

predators
parasitic wasps - find pests and lay eggs on them that hatch and infect pests
bacillus thurengiensis - gene is turned on in the guts of caterpillars
liminoid sprays - citrus spray that wards off pests
bug juice - bug guts deter bugs from targeting plants
inter-planting of plants that release deterrent chemicals - lead bugs to decoy plants to turn them away from main crops
pheromone attractants - releasing of pheromones to attract males of the species
release of reproductively incompatible species - genitalia lock and then they die

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25
Q

plants release chemicals that attract…

A

predators and parasites of caterpillars consuming them

26
Q

plant chemicals link to pharmaceuticals and indigenous knowledge

A

indigenous knowledge is used to understand the properties of plants in order to create effective pharmaceuticals
plant chemicals are the model for synthetic drugs

27
Q

categories of plant chemicals

A

alkaloids - nitrogen atom, rigid structure (cocaine, atropine, theobromine)
glycosides - 2 part chemicals (sugar attached to x factor) (cardiac glycoside and cyanogenic glycoside)
organic acids - (salicylic acid, oxalic acid)
resin/resinoids - (THC)

28
Q

why are plant chemicals stored in vacuoles

A

glycosides are stored in vacuoles which break open to release chemical

29
Q

plant that makes morphine

A

opium poppy

30
Q

plant that makes quinine

A

chinchona officianalis

31
Q

plant that makes caffiene

A

theobroma cacao, camillia sinensis

32
Q

plant that makes digitoxin

A

foxglove

33
Q

plant that makes cocaine

A

erythroxylem coca

34
Q

plant that makes THC

A

cannabis

35
Q

plant that makes atropine

A

nightshade family

36
Q

plant that makes salicylic acid

A

salix nigra - black willow

37
Q

neurotransmitters

A

role and where are they found (released from neurons into synapse)
are impacted by psychoactive plant chemicals

38
Q

ACH, norepinepherin, seratonin, neuropeptides

A

ACH - skeletal muscles, broken down in synapse
norepinephrine - regulation of mood, brain reward system
seratonin - sensory perception, onset of sleep
neuropeptides - painkiller

39
Q

significance of norepinepherin and seratonin being reused

A

not synthesized after each use
cocaine is a stimulant

40
Q

mode of action of plant chemicals that influence nerve function (stimulants/depressants/anti-psycotics)

A
41
Q

cannabis (marijuana, hemp)

A

center of origin (use by indigenous people) - native to china
active chemical - THC
physiological effects - attaches to cannabinoid receptors and reduces activity in the hippocampus, suppresses nausea
relative importance as a psychoactive agent -
fiber source through history - ropes, fishnets, clothing
history of use/legal status in America - hemp ban in 1940s after pressure from dupont corp

42
Q

opium poppy

A

center of origin (use by indigenous people) - native to china, latex balls used to induce sleep or relieve pain
source and effectiveness/addictiveness as painkiller - is a painkiller, but with excessive use becomes an addiction
papaverine, codeine, morphine
mode of action/effects on nervous system -
opium wars (countries involved, why) - China banned Britain from trading opium for Chinese goods, China opened trade back up
origin of heroin - was created to make a less addictive painkiller

43
Q

erythraxylem coca

A

source of cocaine - erythroxylem coca
center of origin (use by indigenous people) - native to south america, used to relieve hunger and fatigue
mode of action/effects on nervous system - relieves hunger and fatigue, blocks reabsorption of norepinephrine
history of use - found in coca cola

44
Q

nightshade family

A

atropine (medicinal and psychoactive uses/effects) - muscle relaxant, hallucinogens
feel like flying, sense of body dissolusion
link to witchcraft - henbane - used in middle ages to transform into animals and fly on broomsticks

45
Q

stimulating beverages

A

caffeine - general cellular stimulant
mode of action - blocks adenosine receptors which induce sleep
relative (not actual) concentrations in products - dark chocolate (84%), coffee (24%), energy drinks (23%)

46
Q

coffea arabica

A

center of origin (use by indigenous people) - abyssinian region (africa)
geographic movement from center of origin to location of current highest production - brazil is highest producer
source of the beverage - coffee, the berry

47
Q

methods of decaffination

A

swiss water - soak in hot water, fluid through charcoal filter, green coffee extract is used to extract caffiene
solvent - soak in water, chemicals added to fluid, beans are reintroduced to fluid to reabsorb flavors

48
Q

theobroma cacao

A

center of origin (use by indigenous people) - central america, religious - only men could drink
geographic movement from center of origin to location of current highest production - highest production is ivory coast
source of chocolate - seeds
difference between white, dark, and milk

49
Q

camellia sinensis

A

center of origin (use by indigenous people) - native to china, only true tea is camellia sinensis
geographic movement from center of origin to location of current highest production - india
source of true tea -
difference between green and black tea - green tea is shredded leaves rolled and heated, black tea is spread withered rolled and fermented

50
Q

starch

A

functions - energy storage in plants
where is it found - tubers and rhizomes
human uses - thickener of sauces and gravy

51
Q

gums

A

function - would repair in plants
where is it found -
human uses - prevents sugar crystalization, binds lunch meats, creamy lotions

52
Q

latex

A

function - elastic properties
where is it found - laticifers for plant defense
human uses - latex, Aztec game ball

53
Q

resin

A

plant uses - antibacterial and antiherbivore agent
human uses - incense, embalming, prevent decomposition
resin ducts - resin is secreted into resin ducts

54
Q

herbs vs spices

A
55
Q

spices

A

use relative to human evolution
geographic variation in importance/human use
defense of plants
preserve food and fight bacteria
tropics were heavily spiced because food goes bad faster in warmer climates

56
Q

physiological effects of black pepper fruit

A

stimulates digestive enzymes
dried fruit
black - pre ripened and dried
white - fully ripe
green - immature fruit

57
Q

physiological effects of clove flower

A

natural painkiller, toothaches, anti inflammatoy
dried flowers

58
Q

physiological effects of cinnamon bark

A

anti clotting, anti microbial, blood sugar control

59
Q

physiological effects of turmeric root

A

arthritis relief (anti inflammatory)
turmeric and black pepper together have higher bioavilability

60
Q

physiological effects of nutmeg seed

A
61
Q

physiological effects of mustard seed

A

expectorant, decongestant, anti bacterial, increases metabolism

62
Q

essential oils

A

distilled from plant source material
used in aroma therapy
volatile oils, extracted from herbs and spices

ENVS 207 (6 decks)

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