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ENVS 207 > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

function of photosynthesis

A
  • sunlight energy transformed into chemical energy within glucose
  • atmospheric CO2 used as a carbon source
  • O2 is a waste product
  • occurs in chloroplast
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2
Q

cellular respiration

A
  • harness chemical energy within glucose to produce ATP
  • requires O2
  • produces CO2 as a waste product
  • occurs in mitochondria
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3
Q

plants are

A

autotrophs - they make sunlight energy available

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4
Q

fixed carbon compounds

A
  • used to build plant tissues/chemicals
  • provide combustible fuel source
  • provide a carbon sink to keep atmospheric CO2 down
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5
Q

greenhouse gasses

A

CO2, CH4, H2O, NOx, O3 - when hit with UV light creates heat

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6
Q

classification system

A
  • used to categorize species according to evolutionary relatedness (species within the same genus are more closely related)
  • 2 part name [genus species], describer identified as authority
  • needed because many species have the same common name
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7
Q

plant divisions

A

bryophytes (liverworts and mosses) - no vascular system and no seeds, ferns & horsetails - vascular system and no seeds, gymnosperms (conifers, ginkos, cycads) - seeds but no ovary, angiosperms - produced seeds with ovary - monocots and dicots

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8
Q

monocot

A

petals in multiples of three, parallel veins, fibrous for erosion control, cotyledons = transfer energy from endosperm, pollen grains with one pore, stem is randomized, stomata open at top and bottom

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9
Q

dicot

A

petals in multiples of 4 or 5, net veined, taproot, cotyledons = energy storage, pollen grains have 2 pores, stem is circular (can make wood), stomata opens at the bottom

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10
Q

function of a root

A

anchorage, water and mineral uptake

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11
Q

function of leaves

A

absorbs sunlight, takes up CO2 and makes sugar, transpiration of water

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12
Q

function of stems

A

elevates and distributes leaves

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13
Q

function of flowers

A

house reproductive organs

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14
Q

*meristematic tissue (apical meristem vs lateral meristem)

A
  • capable of cell division
  • apical meristem - tip of roots and terminal and axillary buds - produce procambium, ground meristem, and protoderm
  • lateral meristems - create girth of plants with vascular cambium and cork cambium - produced by procambium
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15
Q

permanent tissue

A
  • cant divide but can elongate
  • made up of epidermis, cortex, pith, primary xylem, primary phloem, secondary xylem, and secondary phloem
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16
Q

epidermis

A

produced by protoderm, external covering

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17
Q

cortex

A

produced by ground meristem, inside epidermis, general body tissue

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18
Q

pith

A

produced by ground meristem, center of stem, starch/sugar storage

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19
Q

primary xylem

A

produced by procambium, transports water, vessel elements, dead

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20
Q

primary phloem

A

produced by procambium, transports sugar, sieve cells, live

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21
Q

secondary xylem

A

produced by vascular cambium, wood, water transport and waste storage

22
Q

secondary phloem

A

produced by vascular cambium, sugar transport, displaced primary phloem

23
Q

cell wall

A

made of three layers - primary, secondary, middle lamella

24
Q

primary cell wall

A

made of cellulose, flexible

25
Q

secondary cell wall

A

made of lignin, rigid support, inside primary cell wall

26
Q

middle lamella cell wall

A

made of pectin, glues cells together, outside primary cell wall
- pectin is used in solidifying jams and jellies
- plasmodesmata - cell to cell passageways

27
Q

plasmodesmata

A

cell to cell passageways through cell walls

28
Q

annual plant

A

progress from germination to seed production to death in a single growing season

29
Q

bienniel plant

A

two year life cycle, year 1 - germination, growth, energy allocation to storage root - year 2 - flowering, seed production, death

30
Q

perennial plant

A

multi-year life cycle (woody or herbaceous)

31
Q

parenchyma cells

A

thin primary cell wall, living, makes up most plant tissue

32
Q

collenchyma cells

A

thicker primary cell wall, living, flexible support

33
Q

sclerenchyma

A

thickened secondary cell wall, plasmodesmata blocked, dead, rigid support
- two types : sclereids - used to form thick hard coverings, and fibers - occur in bundles for support in stems and leaves
- vessel elements and tracheids make up primary and secondary xylem

34
Q

nucleus

A

contains DNS

35
Q

mitochondria

A

cite of cellular respiration, produces ATP

36
Q

vacuoles

A

contain H2O, water soluble pigments and toxins, facilitate cell elongation

37
Q

plastids (types)

A

chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leucoplasts

38
Q

chloroplasts

A

contain chlorophyll, photosynthesis

39
Q

chromoplasts

A

contain carotenoid pigments (orange/yellow/red), color fruits, flowers, converted from chloroplasts in fall after chlorophyll is broken down

40
Q

leucoplasts

A

contains starch or sugar, used to store energy

41
Q

dyes

A
  • generated from plant produced pigments
  • human uses = body paint and fabric color
  • mordant
  • saffron from stamens of crocus
  • used to dye robes of persian emperors robes
  • processing of indego
  • indigo history in england
42
Q

root cap

A

protects apical meristem, produces mucigel to facilitate passage through soil, mucigel provides medium for soil bacteria that increase P availability via exoenzymes

43
Q

root hairs

A

increase area of soil accessible for water and mineral uptake

44
Q

rhizosphere

A

soil directly influenced by root secretions and associated microbiota (root microbiome)

45
Q

mycorrhizae

A

fungal symbiont in most plants, increases ability to extract P from soil

46
Q

mycorrhizal communication network

A

can warn plants of bacteria, can share nutrients with other plants

47
Q

root nodules

A

bacteria symbiont in some plants, increases availability of N through nitrogen fixation

48
Q

crop rotation

A

alternating N-fixing and non-fixing plants in agricultural plots, replenishes N in the soil, defense against crop pathogens

49
Q

synthetic N-fixation

A

makes synthetic fertilizers, human N fixation exceeds natural, excess N gets into waterways and produces oceanic dead zones

50
Q

oceanic dead zones

A

N stimulates algal blooms, algae die or are eaten, dead algae and fecal material stimulate bacterial growth which depletes oxygen

ENVS 207 (6 decks)

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