Quiz 1

Question 1

function of photosynthesis

Answer 1

• sunlight energy transformed into chemical energy within glucose
• atmospheric CO2 used as a carbon source
• O2 is a waste product
• occurs in chloroplast

Question 2

cellular respiration

Answer 2

• harness chemical energy within glucose to produce ATP
• requires O2
• produces CO2 as a waste product
• occurs in mitochondria

Question 3

plants are

Answer 3

autotrophs - they make sunlight energy available

Question 4

fixed carbon compounds

Answer 4

• used to build plant tissues/chemicals
• provide combustible fuel source
• provide a carbon sink to keep atmospheric CO2 down

Question 5

greenhouse gasses

Answer 5

CO2, CH4, H2O, NOx, O3 - when hit with UV light creates heat

Question 6

classification system

Answer 6

• used to categorize species according to evolutionary relatedness (species within the same genus are more closely related)
• 2 part name [genus species], describer identified as authority
• needed because many species have the same common name

Question 7

plant divisions

Answer 7

bryophytes (liverworts and mosses) - no vascular system and no seeds, ferns & horsetails - vascular system and no seeds, gymnosperms (conifers, ginkos, cycads) - seeds but no ovary, angiosperms - produced seeds with ovary - monocots and dicots

Question 8

monocot

Answer 8

petals in multiples of three, parallel veins, fibrous for erosion control, cotyledons = transfer energy from endosperm, pollen grains with one pore, stem is randomized, stomata open at top and bottom

Question 9

dicot

Answer 9

petals in multiples of 4 or 5, net veined, taproot, cotyledons = energy storage, pollen grains have 2 pores, stem is circular (can make wood), stomata opens at the bottom

Question 10

function of a root

Answer 10

anchorage, water and mineral uptake

Question 11

function of leaves

Answer 11

absorbs sunlight, takes up CO2 and makes sugar, transpiration of water

Question 12

function of stems

Answer 12

elevates and distributes leaves

Question 13

function of flowers

Answer 13

house reproductive organs

Question 14

*meristematic tissue (apical meristem vs lateral meristem)

Answer 14

• capable of cell division
• apical meristem - tip of roots and terminal and axillary buds - produce procambium, ground meristem, and protoderm
• lateral meristems - create girth of plants with vascular cambium and cork cambium - produced by procambium

Question 15

permanent tissue

Answer 15

• cant divide but can elongate
• made up of epidermis, cortex, pith, primary xylem, primary phloem, secondary xylem, and secondary phloem

Question 16

epidermis

Answer 16

produced by protoderm, external covering

Question 17

cortex

Answer 17

produced by ground meristem, inside epidermis, general body tissue

Question 18

pith

Answer 18

produced by ground meristem, center of stem, starch/sugar storage

Question 19

primary xylem

Answer 19

produced by procambium, transports water, vessel elements, dead

Question 20

primary phloem

Answer 20

produced by procambium, transports sugar, sieve cells, live

Question 21

secondary xylem

Answer 21

produced by vascular cambium, wood, water transport and waste storage

Question 22

secondary phloem

Answer 22

produced by vascular cambium, sugar transport, displaced primary phloem

Question 23

cell wall

Answer 23

made of three layers - primary, secondary, middle lamella

Question 24

primary cell wall

Answer 24

made of cellulose, flexible

Question 25

secondary cell wall

Answer 25

made of lignin, rigid support, inside primary cell wall

Question 26

middle lamella cell wall

Answer 26

made of pectin, glues cells together, outside primary cell wall - pectin is used in solidifying jams and jellies - plasmodesmata - cell to cell passageways

Question 27

plasmodesmata

Answer 27

cell to cell passageways through cell walls

Question 28

annual plant

Answer 28

progress from germination to seed production to death in a single growing season

Question 29

bienniel plant

Answer 29

two year life cycle, year 1 - germination, growth, energy allocation to storage root - year 2 - flowering, seed production, death

Question 30

perennial plant

Answer 30

multi-year life cycle (woody or herbaceous)

Question 31

parenchyma cells

Answer 31

thin primary cell wall, living, makes up most plant tissue

Question 32

collenchyma cells

Answer 32

thicker primary cell wall, living, flexible support

Question 33

sclerenchyma

Answer 33

thickened secondary cell wall, plasmodesmata blocked, dead, rigid support - two types : sclereids - used to form thick hard coverings, and fibers - occur in bundles for support in stems and leaves - vessel elements and tracheids make up primary and secondary xylem

Question 34

nucleus

Answer 34

contains DNS

Question 35

mitochondria

Answer 35

cite of cellular respiration, produces ATP

Question 36

vacuoles

Answer 36

contain H2O, water soluble pigments and toxins, facilitate cell elongation

Question 37

plastids (types)

Answer 37

chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leucoplasts

Question 38

chloroplasts

Answer 38

contain chlorophyll, photosynthesis

Question 39

chromoplasts

Answer 39

contain carotenoid pigments (orange/yellow/red), color fruits, flowers, converted from chloroplasts in fall after chlorophyll is broken down

Question 40

leucoplasts

Answer 40

contains starch or sugar, used to store energy

Question 41

dyes

Answer 41

- generated from plant produced pigments - human uses = body paint and fabric color - mordant - saffron from stamens of crocus - used to dye robes of persian emperors robes - processing of indego - indigo history in england

Question 42

root cap

Answer 42

protects apical meristem, produces mucigel to facilitate passage through soil, mucigel provides medium for soil bacteria that increase P availability via exoenzymes

Question 43

root hairs

Answer 43

increase area of soil accessible for water and mineral uptake

Question 44

rhizosphere

Answer 44

soil directly influenced by root secretions and associated microbiota (root microbiome)

Question 45

mycorrhizae

Answer 45

fungal symbiont in most plants, increases ability to extract P from soil

Question 46

mycorrhizal communication network

Answer 46

can warn plants of bacteria, can share nutrients with other plants

Question 47

root nodules

Answer 47

bacteria symbiont in some plants, increases availability of N through nitrogen fixation

Question 48

crop rotation

Answer 48

alternating N-fixing and non-fixing plants in agricultural plots, replenishes N in the soil, defense against crop pathogens

Question 49

synthetic N-fixation

Answer 49

makes synthetic fertilizers, human N fixation exceeds natural, excess N gets into waterways and produces oceanic dead zones

Question 50

oceanic dead zones

Answer 50

N stimulates algal blooms, algae die or are eaten, dead algae and fecal material stimulate bacterial growth which depletes oxygen