Test 2 Flashcards by Lilianne Brocious

What are the 4 types of animal tissues?

Epithelial
Nervous
Muscle
Connective

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Epithelial Tissue

sheets of closely packed cells that covers the outside of the body and lines organs and cavities.

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Nervous Tissue

functions in the receipt, processing, and transmission of info.

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Muscle Tissue

consist of filaments containing proteins that enable muscle to contract.

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3 types of muscle tissue

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

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Connective Tissue

consists of cells scattered through extracellular matrix often forming web of fibers embedded in foundation.

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Open Circulatory System: Hemolymph?

the circulatory fluid/interstitial fluid that bathes body cells.

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How does an open circulatory system work?

Contraction of heart pumps hemolymph - circulatory vessels - interconnected sinuses - chemical exchange occurs - relaxation of heart draws hemolymph back in - body squeezes sinuses - circulating hemolymph

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What animals contain and open circulatory system?

Anthropods such as grasshoppers and clams

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Closed Circulatory System: blood?

a circulatory fluid that is confined to vessels and distinct from interstitial fluid.

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How does a closed circulatory system work?

one or more hearts pump blood - large vessels - branch into smaller vessels - infiltrate tissues and organs - chemical exchange occurs

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What animals contain a closed circulatory system?

annelids-earthworms
many mollusks
all vertebrates

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A random thermal motion where an organism gains O2 and nutrients while shedding CO2 and other waste products that can result in a net movement.

Diffusion

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Cardiovascular System

When blood circulates to and from the heart through an extensive network of vessels.

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Function of Arteries

Carry blood from the heart to organs throughout the body

All about PRESSURE

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Function of Veins

All about VOLUME

The vessels that carry blood back to heart

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Function of Atria

The chambers that receive blood entering the heart

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Function of Ventricles

The chambers responsible for pumping blood out of heart.

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Single Circulation: fish systems

gill and body capillaries
1 atrium
1 ventricle

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Double Circulation: amphibian systems

lung/skin and systemic capillaries
2 atrium
1 ventricle

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Double Circulation: mammal systems

lung and systemic capillaries
2 atrium
2 ventricles

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What helps blood flow in veins?

by the rhythmic movement of smooth muscle in the vessel wall and by the action of the skeletal muscle as the body moves.

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The lymphatic system plays a role in maintaining fluid balance within the body by…

removing all fluids that leak out of our blood vessels.

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In order for respiration, every cell needs to take in ___ and expel ___.

CO2

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Negative pressure breathing in birds

breathes in to posterior air sacs breathes out to lungs breathes in to anterior air sac breathes out air

negative pressure breathing in humans

air inhaled ribs and lungs expand and diaphragm is pushed down air exhaled ribs and lungs get smaller and diaphragm relaxes

Alveoli

Gas exchange in mammals occur where air sacs clustered at tips of tiniest bronchioles.

Where gas exchange occurs across the skin or outer integument of an organism rather than gills or lungs

Cutaneous Respiration

What is used to increase the surface area in fish?

Gill lamellae

What is the way that a fish's gills absorb the maximum amount of oxygen from the water?

Countercurrent Flow

Air sacs function

increase respiratory efficiency by providing a large surface area for gas exchange.

Goal of homeostasis in respiratory system

Maintaining pH and regulating gas exchange

How does the respiratory system achieve homeostasis?

gas exchange in the lungs

Ratios of O2 and CO2 in inhaled and exhaled air

inhaled: O2- 21% CO2- .04 exhaled: O2- 16.3% CO2- 4.4%

ph, hemoglobin, and oxygen dissociation

As blood plasma pH decreases (= becomes more acidic), H+ ions increasingly bind to hemoglobin amino acids, which lessens hemoglobin's affinity for O2

What's an erythrocyte?

A type of blood cell that is made in the bone marrow and found in the blood.

Does the blood communicate with the respiratory system? If so, how? what does it do?

Yes | They work together to circulate blood and oxygen throughout the body

Blue and red blood in the heart

blue is oxygen-poor blood | red is oxygenated blood

What is the purpose of eating?

it provides the energy to run body functions and the building blocks to grow and repair body tissue.

Amino acid and its role

function as the building blocks of proteins

Fatty acid and its role

the building blocks of the fat in our bodies and in the food we eat

Vitamins and its role

They help shore up bones, heal wounds, and bolster your immune system.

Minerals and its role

keeping your bones, muscles, heart, and brain working properly.

Process of Digestion

intake mechanical and chemical degradation of food absorption of nutrients removal of indigestible food.

Process of Indigestion

when stomach acid comes into contact with the lining of the digestive tract.

The process of taking nutrients from the digestive system into the blood so they can be used in the body.

absorption

The act of discharging or excreting waste products or foreign substances from the body

elimination

Difference between intracellular and extracellular digestion

Intra occurs inside the food vacuoles within the cell | Extra occurs outside the cell in the lumen of the alimentary canal or on the decaying organic materials.

A muscular hollow continuous tubular organ that starts at the mouth and terminates at the anus and is responsible for the digestion and absorption of the ingested food and liquids.

Alimentary Canal

An enzyme in the saliva and pancreatic juice that catalyzes the hydrolysis (breaking down) of starch, glycogen and related polysaccharides into more simple and readily usable forms of sugar

Amylase

Food that has been chewed and mixed in the mouth with saliva

bolus

Role of gastric juice (chyme)

inactivate swallowed microorganisms, thereby inhibiting infectious agents from reaching the intestine.

An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins in food during digestion.

pepsin

The first part of the small intestine that connects to stomach to help further digest food.

duodenum

Role of appendix

the function is unknown but a theory is that the appendix acts as storehouse for good bacteria.

role of cecum

to absorb fluids and salts that remain after completion of intestinal digestion and absorption and to mix its contents with a lubricating substance, mucus.

role of colon

to dehydrate what's left of the food and form it into stool.

role of gallbladder

main function is to store bile

role of liver

filters all of the blood in the body and breaks down poisonous substances, such as alcohol and drugs.

role of small intestine

It helps to further digest food coming from the stomach.

role of large intestine

finish absorption of nutrients and water, synthesize certain vitamins, form feces, and eliminate feces from the body