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Biology 102 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 types of animal tissues?

A

Epithelial
Nervous
Muscle
Connective

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2
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

sheets of closely packed cells that covers the outside of the body and lines organs and cavities.

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3
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

functions in the receipt, processing, and transmission of info.

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4
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

consist of filaments containing proteins that enable muscle to contract.

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5
Q

3 types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

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6
Q

Connective Tissue

A

consists of cells scattered through extracellular matrix often forming web of fibers embedded in foundation.

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7
Q

Open Circulatory System: Hemolymph?

A

the circulatory fluid/interstitial fluid that bathes body cells.

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8
Q

How does an open circulatory system work?

A

Contraction of heart pumps hemolymph - circulatory vessels - interconnected sinuses - chemical exchange occurs - relaxation of heart draws hemolymph back in - body squeezes sinuses - circulating hemolymph

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9
Q

What animals contain and open circulatory system?

A

Anthropods such as grasshoppers and clams

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10
Q

Closed Circulatory System: blood?

A

a circulatory fluid that is confined to vessels and distinct from interstitial fluid.

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11
Q

How does a closed circulatory system work?

A

one or more hearts pump blood - large vessels - branch into smaller vessels - infiltrate tissues and organs - chemical exchange occurs

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12
Q

What animals contain a closed circulatory system?

A

annelids-earthworms
many mollusks
all vertebrates

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13
Q

A random thermal motion where an organism gains O2 and nutrients while shedding CO2 and other waste products that can result in a net movement.

A

Diffusion

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14
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

When blood circulates to and from the heart through an extensive network of vessels.

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15
Q

Function of Arteries

A

Carry blood from the heart to organs throughout the body

All about PRESSURE

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16
Q

Function of Veins

A

All about VOLUME

The vessels that carry blood back to heart

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17
Q

Function of Atria

A

The chambers that receive blood entering the heart

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18
Q

Function of Ventricles

A

The chambers responsible for pumping blood out of heart.

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19
Q

Single Circulation: fish systems

A

gill and body capillaries
1 atrium
1 ventricle

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20
Q

Double Circulation: amphibian systems

A

lung/skin and systemic capillaries
2 atrium
1 ventricle

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21
Q

Double Circulation: mammal systems

A

lung and systemic capillaries
2 atrium
2 ventricles

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22
Q

What helps blood flow in veins?

A

by the rhythmic movement of smooth muscle in the vessel wall and by the action of the skeletal muscle as the body moves.

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23
Q

The lymphatic system plays a role in maintaining fluid balance within the body by…

A

removing all fluids that leak out of our blood vessels.

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24
Q

In order for respiration, every cell needs to take in ___ and expel ___.

A

O2

CO2

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25
Q

Negative pressure breathing in birds

A

breathes in to posterior air sacs
breathes out to lungs
breathes in to anterior air sac
breathes out air

26
Q

negative pressure breathing in humans

A

air inhaled
ribs and lungs expand and diaphragm is pushed down
air exhaled
ribs and lungs get smaller and diaphragm relaxes

27
Q

Alveoli

A

Gas exchange in mammals occur where air sacs clustered at tips of tiniest bronchioles.

28
Q

Where gas exchange occurs across the skin or outer integument of an organism rather than gills or lungs

A

Cutaneous Respiration

29
Q

What is used to increase the surface area in fish?

A

Gill lamellae

30
Q

What is the way that a fish’s gills absorb the maximum amount of oxygen from the water?

A

Countercurrent Flow

31
Q

Air sacs function

A

increase respiratory efficiency by providing a large surface area for gas exchange.

32
Q

Goal of homeostasis in respiratory system

A

Maintaining pH and regulating gas exchange

33
Q

How does the respiratory system achieve homeostasis?

A

gas exchange in the lungs

34
Q

Ratios of O2 and CO2 in inhaled and exhaled air

A

inhaled: O2- 21% CO2- .04
exhaled: O2- 16.3% CO2- 4.4%

35
Q

ph, hemoglobin, and oxygen dissociation

A

As blood plasma pH decreases (= becomes more acidic), H+ ions increasingly bind to hemoglobin amino acids, which lessens hemoglobin’s affinity for O2

36
Q

What’s an erythrocyte?

A

A type of blood cell that is made in the bone marrow and found in the blood.

37
Q

Does the blood communicate with the respiratory system? If so, how? what does it do?

A

Yes

They work together to circulate blood and oxygen throughout the body

38
Q

Blue and red blood in the heart

A

blue is oxygen-poor blood

red is oxygenated blood

39
Q

What is the purpose of eating?

A

it provides the energy to run body functions and the building blocks to grow and repair body tissue.

40
Q

Amino acid and its role

A

function as the building blocks of proteins

41
Q

Fatty acid and its role

A

the building blocks of the fat in our bodies and in the food we eat

42
Q

Vitamins and its role

A

They help shore up bones, heal wounds, and bolster your immune system.

43
Q

Minerals and its role

A

keeping your bones, muscles, heart, and brain working properly.

44
Q

Process of Digestion

A

intake
mechanical and chemical degradation of food
absorption of nutrients
removal of indigestible food.

45
Q

Process of Indigestion

A

when stomach acid comes into contact with the lining of the digestive tract.

46
Q

The process of taking nutrients from the digestive system into the blood so they can be used in the body.

A

absorption

47
Q

The act of discharging or excreting waste products or foreign substances from the body

A

elimination

48
Q

Difference between intracellular and extracellular digestion

A

Intra occurs inside the food vacuoles within the cell

Extra occurs outside the cell in the lumen of the alimentary canal or on the decaying organic materials.

49
Q

A muscular hollow continuous tubular organ that starts at the mouth and terminates at the anus and is responsible for the digestion and absorption of the ingested food and liquids.

A

Alimentary Canal

50
Q

An enzyme in the saliva and pancreatic juice that catalyzes the hydrolysis (breaking down) of starch, glycogen and related polysaccharides into more simple and readily usable forms of sugar

A

Amylase

51
Q

Food that has been chewed and mixed in the mouth with saliva

A

bolus

52
Q

Role of gastric juice (chyme)

A

inactivate swallowed microorganisms, thereby inhibiting infectious agents from reaching the intestine.

53
Q

An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins in food during digestion.

A

pepsin

54
Q

The first part of the small intestine that connects to stomach to help further digest food.

A

duodenum

55
Q

Role of appendix

A

the function is unknown but a theory is that the appendix acts as storehouse for good bacteria.

56
Q

role of cecum

A

to absorb fluids and salts that remain after completion of intestinal digestion and absorption and to mix its contents with a lubricating substance, mucus.

57
Q

role of colon

A

to dehydrate what’s left of the food and form it into stool.

58
Q

role of gallbladder

A

main function is to store bile

59
Q

role of liver

A

filters all of the blood in the body and breaks down poisonous substances, such as alcohol and drugs.

60
Q

role of small intestine

A

It helps to further digest food coming from the stomach.

61
Q

role of large intestine

A

finish absorption of nutrients and water, synthesize certain vitamins, form feces, and eliminate feces from the body

Biology 102 (10 decks)

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