Test 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Science
A
The state of knowing or the knowledge of a system
2
Q
Biology
A
The study of life: defies a simple, one sentence definition; recognized by what living things do.
3
Q
Organizations of life we are studying
A
Animals, Plants, Fungi, Bacteria, Algae
4
Q
The earth’s spheres
A
Hydrosphere, Biosphere, Atmosphere, Lithosphere
5
Q
Taxonomy
A
Branch of biology that names and classifies species into groups based on shared characteristics/presumed relatedness.
6
Q
Climate
A
Long term weather conditions with temp, precipitation, sunlight, and wind that is affected by seasons, large bodies of water, and mountain ranges.
7
Q
Circulation of Surface Water in Oceans
A
Includes the labrador and california current
8
Q
Biome
A
distinct climate with plants and animals.
9
Q
Community
A
All population’s living and interacting in area with the living portion of an ecosystem.
10
Q
Population
A
Group of individuals of same species living and interacting here.
11
Q
Terrestrial Biomes
A
Forests, Grasslands, Tundra
12
Q
Aquatic Biomes
A
Freshwater, Saltwater- lakes/ponds, streams/rivers, wetlands; Marine
13
Q
Community Ecology
A
Study of interactions among all populations in common environment.
14
Q
Ecological Niche
A
Role species serves in its ecosystem - no two species have same niche
15
Q
Characterizing a community steps
A
- species diversity- how many and where they are 2. # of species and individuals 3. composition- which species rule.
16
Q
Food Web
A
Branching food chain with complex trophic interaction: play more than one role and is more comprehensive than food chain.
17
Q
Trophic Structure
A
refers to feeding relationships
18
Q
Food Chains
A
Link trophic levels from producers to top carnivores
19
Q
Different types of consumers
A
quaternary, tertiary, secondary, primary
20
Q
Defense Mechanisms
A
Camouflage (cryptic coloration), mimicry, aposematic (warning coloration to predators)
21
Q
Mutualism
A
Both benefit from each other
22
Q
Commensalism
A
Helping but not mutual benefit
23
Q
Parasitism
A
Parasite thrives at cost of host
24
Q
Species Richness
A
Number of different species in a community
25
Species Abundance
Proportion each species represents of all individuals in community
26
Keystone Species
Influential ecological role that increases diversity in habitat and is important in regulating effect.
27
Foundation Species
Helps to structure; Can be at any trophic level and plants will change if animals are removed; "ecosystem engineer"
28
Top Down Effects
when changes in top predators causes a cascade change in all trophic levels below.
29
Bottom-up Effects
When changes in primary producers causes change in trophic levels above them.
30
Ecological Succession
Sequence of community changes; transition in species composition over time (usually after disturbance)
31
Primary ecology succession
bare rock to grasses - grasses, shrubs, shade intolerant - shade tolerant trees
32
Secondary Ecological Succession
fire - annual plants, grasses - grasses, pines, young oak - mature oak and forest
33
1st Law of Thermodynamics
Energy is neither created or destroyed and it changes form.
34
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Whenever organisms use chemical bond or light energy, some is converted to heat (entropy).
35
Earth's incoming and outgoing flows of ________ must be equal for global temps to stay constant.
radiant energy
36
In the Greenhouse effect, the amount of _______ energy decreases as it is passed on.
chemical-bond
37
Types of Biogeochemical Cycles
Carbon, Water, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Cycle
38
In the case study of "Nutrient cycling in Hubbard Brook Forest", 60% of precipitation if exited through streams while 40% is lost by ________.
evapotranspiration
39
Limiting Nutrient & Examples
Weak link in ecosystem or shortest supply; nitrogen and phosphorus can be examples for terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
40
Extents of photosynthetic production sets the spending limit for an __________
Energy Budget
41
Scientific Method
Observational? - Problem definition - construct hypothesis - testing/results - adequate?
42
Taxonomic Levels
Kingdom - Phylum - Class - Order - Family - Genus - Species
43
Factors used to characterize biomes?
latitude, temperature, precipitation, disturbance, vegetation
44
Research ?'s in Population
What factors will affect the size? How and why does it change through time?
45
Research ?'s in Ecosystem
How do interactions between species affect community structure and organization?
46
Research ?'s in Landscape
What factors are controlling exchanges of energy, materials, and organisms across ecosystems?
47
Research ?'s in Biosphere
How does regional exchange of energy and materials influence functioning and distribution of organizations across the biosphere?
48
Species
Population of group of populations whose members can interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring but do not produce these in other groups.
49
Habitat
Area and resources used by particular being.
50
Latitude
Warming of sun causes dramatic latitudinal variations in climate.
51
Climograph
Plot of annual mean temperatures and precipitation in region.
52
Disturbances & Examples
Frequent fires - can kill woody plants and keep savanna from becoming a woodland. Hurricanes - create openings for new species in many tropical and temperate forests.
53
Ecotone
Transition to one habitat/ecosystem to another.
54
Biotic Factors
Living; the other organism that are part of environment
55
Abiotic Factors
Nonliving; chemical and physical of environment.
56
Population Dynamics
Study of how complex interactions between abiotic and biotic factors influence variations in population size.
57
Growth Rate
The rate, or speed, at which a number of organisms in population increases
58
Patterns of Dispersal
Random pattern that gather in clumps
59
Territory
Any area defended by organization for mating, nesting, feeding, etc.
60
Geographic Range
Geographical area within which species can be found.
61
Type 1 Survivorship Curves
High probability of surviving to adulthood.
62
Type 2 Survivorship Curves
Chance of survival is independent of age
63
Type 3 Survivorship Curves
Mostly die in early stages of life.
64
Competitive Exclusion
Where 2 species cannot coexist in the same ecological niche for very long without one becoming extinct or being driven out because of competition for limited resources.
65
Resource Partitioning
The division of limited resources by species to help avoid competition in an ecological niche.
66
Symbiotic Relationship
Close relationship between the individuals of two or more different species.
67
Competitive Relationship
Species that compete over food territories, and mating with the opposite sex.
68
Biomass
The amount of living material provided by a given area or volume of the earth's surface, whether terrestrial or aquatic.
69
What makes the earth a closed system?
Due to only energy is naturally transferred outside the atmosphere; a closed system is a system in which only energy is transferred with its surroundings.
70
The 4 ways in which energy exists:
Electrical energy, Light energy, Mechanical energy, Heat energy
71
Biomass Pyramid
Measuring the amount of biomass at different trophic levels in a food chain.
72
What is the relationship between succession and energy?
During succession, the patterns of energy flow, gross and net productivity, diversity, and mineral cycling change over time. Greater habitat diversity leads to greater species and genetic diversity.
73
Evapotranspiration
The process by which water is transferred from land to atmosphere by evaporation from soil and other surfaces and by transpiration from plants.
74
Factors limiting primary production in various ecosystems/biomes?
Temperature and precipitation, nutrient availability
75
Genetic Diversity
Total number of genetic characteristics in genetic makeup of species
76
Species Diversity
The number and relative abundance of species found in given biological organization.
77
Ecosystem Diversity
The variations in ecosystems within geographical location and its impact on human existence and environment.
78
Endangered Species
Any species that is at risk of extinction because of sudden rapid decrease in population or a loss of critical habitat.
79
ESA - Endangered Species Act
The act functions by protecting individual species or subspecies and provides landscape-level protection for complements of species and the ecosystems.
80
Threatened Species
Species most at risk of becoming extinct in near future.
81
Extinction Vortex
The process that declining populations undergo when a mutual reinforcement occurs among biotic and abiotic processes that drives population size downward to extinction.
82
Minimum Viable Population
The smallest number of individuals in species or population capable of persisting at specific statistical probability level for predetermined amount of time.
83
Effective Viable Population
The smallest possible size at which biological population can exist without facing extinction from natural disasters, etc.
84
Grizzly Bear Case: how and why recovered?
in 2018, the federal judge restored protections for grizzly bears under the endangered species act. A long time ago, pioneers almost completely wiped out grizzly bears because they were afraid of them.
85
What is the Biodiversity Crisis?
The loss of ecosystem diversity results in the loss of interactions between species, unique features of co-adaptation, and biological productivity.
86
Historic Extinction Rates
About one species every per every one million species per year due to it being a natural process.
87
Why are islands more vulnerable?
They have a small geographic range and are limited only to the island and have low population numbers.
88
Endemic Species
Those that live in a limited area such as mountain range, lake, island, etc.
89
Indicator Species
An organism (usually a microorganism or plant) that serves as measure of environmental conditions that exist in given locale.
90
Biodiversity Hotspot
A biogeographic region with significant levels of biodiversity that is threatened by human habitation.
91
Economic Value of Biodiversity
Biodiversity is an input to aspects of ecosystem functioning and to the supply of ecosystem services which in turn provide benefits to people.
92
How does human land use impact biodiversity?
Human land-use in a primary cause of biodiversity loss
93
Reasons for extinction and examples
Loss and degradation of habitat (mainly deforestation) - over exploitation (hunting, overfishing) - invasive species - climate change - nitrogen pollution
94
Migration
Large scale movement of members of species to a different environment.
95
Movement Corridors
Linear features whose primary wildlife function is to connect at least two significant habitat areas.
96
Why habitat fragmentation and destruction are so devastating to wildlife populations?
Because it deprives species of what they are naturally accustomed to; It makes them isolated, reduces the area where they can live, and creates new ecological boundaries.
97
Link keystone species conservation to extinction
Without the keystone species, we would have no ecosystem. They help define and entire ecosystem.
98
Introduced species and their impact on native ecosystems
Invasive species are capable of causing extinctions of native plants and animals, reducing biodiversity competing with native organisms for limited resources, and altering habitats.
99
Climate Change and Extinction
Climate change can cause habitat loss, shifts in climatic conditions and in habitats that surpass migrational capabilities, and altered competitive relationships.
100
Who was Rachel Carson and what did she do for us?
She was an American biologist known for her writings on environmental pollution and the natural history of the sea. She ended up challenging the use of man-made chemicals and it led to nationwide ban on DDT and other pesticides.
101
How does restoration ecology relate to restoring species?
It relates to allowing natural succession to occur in ecosystem after removing source of disturbance.
102
When did Animals evolve?
About 710 million years ago
103
When did Bilaterians evolve?
635 million years ago
104
When did Land Animals evolve?
About 450 million years ago
105
What is a coelom?
It is a body cavity that connects and forms structures that suspend the internal organs.
106
When did Chordates evolve?
About 500 million years ago
107
When did jaws evolve?
480 million years ago
108
When did Tetrapods evolve?
365 million years ago
109
Amniotic eggs and their importance to land animals
These eggs contain four specialized membranes: the amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and the allantois. It is a key evolutionary innovation for terrestrial life because it allowed the embryo to develop on land in its own private "pond" reducing the need for an aqueous environment for reproduction.
110
Ectothermic
Absorbing external heat as their main source of body heat.
111
Endothermic
Capable of maintaining body temperature through metabolic activity.
112
The bones of many birds have a honeycombed ______ structure and are filled with ____.
internal; air
113
Synapsids
group of amniotes that lacked hair, had a sprawling gait, and laid eggs that evolved more than 300 million years ago.
114
3 major types of mammals
Monotremes (platypus, anteaters) - Marsupials (kangaroos, opossums, koalas) - Eutherians (whales, rodents and most other mammals)
115
Hominin
Emerged between 6-7 million years ago consisting of humans and the extinct species that are more closely related to us than to chimpanzees.
116
Types of Animal tissue:
Epithelial, Nervous, Muscle, and Connective
117
Regulator
Using internal mechanisms to control internal change during fluctuation.
118
Conformer
Allowing its internal condition to change in accordance with external changes.
119
Homeostasis
maintenance of internal balance - steady state
120
Thermoregulation
When animals maintain their body temperature within a normal range
121
Characteristics of open circulatory system
the circulatory fluid (hemolymph) is the interstitial fluid that bathes body cells. The heart pumps the hemolymph through the vessels into the sinuses. Relaxation of heart draws hemolymph back through pores and then the body movements squeeze the sinuses, circulating the hemolymph.
122
Characteristics of closed circulatory system
Circulatory fluid called blood is confined to vessels where one or more hearts pump the blood into the large vessels that branch into smaller ones. Then, chemical exchange occurs between the blood and the interstitial fluid.
123
Diffusion
Small molecules undergo diffusion which is a random thermal motion. Diffusion can result in a net movement but it is usually very slow because of the time it takes to diffuse.
124
The cardiovascular system
The right ventricle pumps blood to lungs, loading O2 and unloads CO2. Blood from lungs enters heart at left atrium and pumped to body tissues by left ventricle. Blood returns to heart through right atrium.
125
Function of Arteries
Carry blood from heart to organs throughout body.
126
Function of Veins
Converged from venues that carry blood back to the heart through vessels.
127
Function of Atria
Chambers that receive the blood entering the heart.
128
Function of Ventricles
The chambers responsible for pumping blood out of the heart.
129
Evolution of Single Circulation
The first blood vascular system, which lacked the endothelium present in modern vertebrates, probably arose in a common ancestor of vertebrates and arthropods around 700 million to 600 million years ago
130
Evolution of Double Circulation
The double circulatory system evolved in mammals. Less evolved animals, such as fish only have a two chambered heart. Reptiles and amphibians evolved double circulation, but still only have a three chambered heart. Mammals evolved the four chambered heart together with double circulation.
131
Cardiac Cycle: blood flow direction
1. relaxation- blood returning from large veins flows into atria and then to ventricles through AV valves.
2. Brief peilt of atrial contraction then forces all blood remaining in atria into ventricles.
3. Then, the ventricular contraction pumps blood into large arteries through semilunar valves.
132
What helps blood flow in veins?
by the rhythmic movement of smooth muscle in the vessel wall and by the action of the skeletal muscle as the body moves
133
Lymphatic vessels role
the network of capillaries (microvessels) and a large network of tubes located throughout your body that transport lymph away from tissues.
134
Partial Pressure
the pressure exerted by particular gas in a mixture of gases.
135
Gas Exchange
The uptake of molecular 02 from environment and the discharge of C02 to environment.
136
Respiratory Function
The movement of O2 and CO2 takes place by diffusion. Gas exchange is fast when area for diffusion is large and path for diffusion is short. Respiratory surfaces tend to be large and thin.
137
Gills in Aquatic Animals
ventilation maintains the pressure gradients of 02 and CO2 across the gill that are necessary for gas exchange. Swimming is what causes the gills to do so.
138
Tracheal Systems in Insects
Respiratory surfaces are enclosed within the body exposed to atmosphere only through narrow tubes.
139
Lungs in Mammalians
Air enters through nostrils, filtered through nasal cavity, leading to the parent where air and food paths cross. When food is swallowed, the larynx moves upward opening the trachea/windpipe. The rest of the time the airway is open.
140
Alveoli
Gas exchange in mammals occur here where air sacs are clustered at the tips of bronchioles.
141
Cutaneous Respiration
form of respiration in which gas exchange occurs across the skin or outer integument of an organism rather than gills or lungs
142
Gill Lamellae
used to increase the surface area between the surface area in contact with the environment to maximize gas exchange between water and blood.
143
Countercurrent Flow
This is the way that a fish's gills absorb the maximum amount of oxygen from the water.
144
How other animal groups use their lungs and how different from humans
Both species have bronchial tubes leading to the lungs, but human systems are more complicated, with many branching bronchiole.
145
Function of Air Sacs
They serve to increase respiratory efficiency by providing a large surface area for gas exchange.
146
Homeostasis in Respiratory System
The gas exchange that occurs in the alveoli in the lungs - changing pressure gradients allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to diffuse in and out of the blood
147
Ratios of oxygen and carbon dioxide in inhaled and exhaled air
The amount of inhaled air contains 21% of oxygen and 0.04% of carbon dioxide, while the air we breathe out contains 16.4% of oxygen and 4.4% of carbon dioxide.
148
pH, hemoglobin, and Oxygen dissociation
In the presence of dissolved carbon dioxide, the pH of the blood changes; this causes another change in the shape of hemoglobin, which increases its ability to bind carbon dioxide and decreases its ability to bind oxygen.
149
Erythrocytes
contain the pigment hemoglobin, which imparts the red color to blood, and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the tissues.
150
Does the blood communicate with the respiratory system?
The circulatory and respiratory systems work together to circulate blood and oxygen throughout the body. Air moves in and out of the lungs through the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles. Blood moves in and out of the lungs through the pulmonary arteries and veins that connect to the heart.
151
What is blue and what is red in diagrams and dissection?
the vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood are colored red, and the vessels that carry oxygen-poor blood are colored blue.
