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Biology 102 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Science

A

The state of knowing or the knowledge of a system

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2
Q

Biology

A

The study of life: defies a simple, one sentence definition; recognized by what living things do.

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3
Q

Organizations of life we are studying

A

Animals, Plants, Fungi, Bacteria, Algae

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4
Q

The earth’s spheres

A

Hydrosphere, Biosphere, Atmosphere, Lithosphere

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5
Q

Taxonomy

A

Branch of biology that names and classifies species into groups based on shared characteristics/presumed relatedness.

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6
Q

Climate

A

Long term weather conditions with temp, precipitation, sunlight, and wind that is affected by seasons, large bodies of water, and mountain ranges.

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7
Q

Circulation of Surface Water in Oceans

A

Includes the labrador and california current

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8
Q

Biome

A

distinct climate with plants and animals.

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9
Q

Community

A

All population’s living and interacting in area with the living portion of an ecosystem.

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10
Q

Population

A

Group of individuals of same species living and interacting here.

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11
Q

Terrestrial Biomes

A

Forests, Grasslands, Tundra

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12
Q

Aquatic Biomes

A

Freshwater, Saltwater- lakes/ponds, streams/rivers, wetlands; Marine

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13
Q

Community Ecology

A

Study of interactions among all populations in common environment.

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14
Q

Ecological Niche

A

Role species serves in its ecosystem - no two species have same niche

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15
Q

Characterizing a community steps

A
  1. species diversity- how many and where they are 2. # of species and individuals 3. composition- which species rule.
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16
Q

Food Web

A

Branching food chain with complex trophic interaction: play more than one role and is more comprehensive than food chain.

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17
Q

Trophic Structure

A

refers to feeding relationships

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18
Q

Food Chains

A

Link trophic levels from producers to top carnivores

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19
Q

Different types of consumers

A

quaternary, tertiary, secondary, primary

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20
Q

Defense Mechanisms

A

Camouflage (cryptic coloration), mimicry, aposematic (warning coloration to predators)

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21
Q

Mutualism

A

Both benefit from each other

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22
Q

Commensalism

A

Helping but not mutual benefit

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23
Q

Parasitism

A

Parasite thrives at cost of host

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24
Q

Species Richness

A

Number of different species in a community

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25
Q

Species Abundance

A

Proportion each species represents of all individuals in community

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26
Q

Keystone Species

A

Influential ecological role that increases diversity in habitat and is important in regulating effect.

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27
Q

Foundation Species

A

Helps to structure; Can be at any trophic level and plants will change if animals are removed; “ecosystem engineer”

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28
Q

Top Down Effects

A

when changes in top predators causes a cascade change in all trophic levels below.

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29
Q

Bottom-up Effects

A

When changes in primary producers causes change in trophic levels above them.

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30
Q

Ecological Succession

A

Sequence of community changes; transition in species composition over time (usually after disturbance)

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31
Q

Primary ecology succession

A

bare rock to grasses - grasses, shrubs, shade intolerant - shade tolerant trees

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32
Q

Secondary Ecological Succession

A

fire - annual plants, grasses - grasses, pines, young oak - mature oak and forest

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33
Q

1st Law of Thermodynamics

A

Energy is neither created or destroyed and it changes form.

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34
Q

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

A

Whenever organisms use chemical bond or light energy, some is converted to heat (entropy).

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35
Q

Earth’s incoming and outgoing flows of ________ must be equal for global temps to stay constant.

A

radiant energy

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36
Q

In the Greenhouse effect, the amount of _______ energy decreases as it is passed on.

A

chemical-bond

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37
Q

Types of Biogeochemical Cycles

A

Carbon, Water, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Cycle

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38
Q

In the case study of “Nutrient cycling in Hubbard Brook Forest”, 60% of precipitation if exited through streams while 40% is lost by ________.

A

evapotranspiration

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39
Q

Limiting Nutrient & Examples

A

Weak link in ecosystem or shortest supply; nitrogen and phosphorus can be examples for terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.

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40
Q

Extents of photosynthetic production sets the spending limit for an __________

A

Energy Budget

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41
Q

Scientific Method

A

Observational? - Problem definition - construct hypothesis - testing/results - adequate?

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42
Q

Taxonomic Levels

A

Kingdom - Phylum - Class - Order - Family - Genus - Species

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43
Q

Factors used to characterize biomes?

A

latitude, temperature, precipitation, disturbance, vegetation

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44
Q

Research ?’s in Population

A

What factors will affect the size? How and why does it change through time?

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45
Q

Research ?’s in Ecosystem

A

How do interactions between species affect community structure and organization?

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46
Q

Research ?’s in Landscape

A

What factors are controlling exchanges of energy, materials, and organisms across ecosystems?

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47
Q

Research ?’s in Biosphere

A

How does regional exchange of energy and materials influence functioning and distribution of organizations across the biosphere?

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48
Q

Species

A

Population of group of populations whose members can interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring but do not produce these in other groups.

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49
Q

Habitat

A

Area and resources used by particular being.

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50
Q

Latitude

A

Warming of sun causes dramatic latitudinal variations in climate.

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51
Q

Climograph

A

Plot of annual mean temperatures and precipitation in region.

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52
Q

Disturbances & Examples

A

Frequent fires - can kill woody plants and keep savanna from becoming a woodland. Hurricanes - create openings for new species in many tropical and temperate forests.

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53
Q

Ecotone

A

Transition to one habitat/ecosystem to another.

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54
Q

Biotic Factors

A

Living; the other organism that are part of environment

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55
Q

Abiotic Factors

A

Nonliving; chemical and physical of environment.

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56
Q

Population Dynamics

A

Study of how complex interactions between abiotic and biotic factors influence variations in population size.

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57
Q

Growth Rate

A

The rate, or speed, at which a number of organisms in population increases

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58
Q

Patterns of Dispersal

A

Random pattern that gather in clumps

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59
Q

Territory

A

Any area defended by organization for mating, nesting, feeding, etc.

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60
Q

Geographic Range

A

Geographical area within which species can be found.

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61
Q

Type 1 Survivorship Curves

A

High probability of surviving to adulthood.

62
Q

Type 2 Survivorship Curves

A

Chance of survival is independent of age

63
Q

Type 3 Survivorship Curves

A

Mostly die in early stages of life.

64
Q

Competitive Exclusion

A

Where 2 species cannot coexist in the same ecological niche for very long without one becoming extinct or being driven out because of competition for limited resources.

65
Q

Resource Partitioning

A

The division of limited resources by species to help avoid competition in an ecological niche.

66
Q

Symbiotic Relationship

A

Close relationship between the individuals of two or more different species.

67
Q

Competitive Relationship

A

Species that compete over food territories, and mating with the opposite sex.

68
Q

Biomass

A

The amount of living material provided by a given area or volume of the earth’s surface, whether terrestrial or aquatic.

69
Q

What makes the earth a closed system?

A

Due to only energy is naturally transferred outside the atmosphere; a closed system is a system in which only energy is transferred with its surroundings.

70
Q

The 4 ways in which energy exists:

A

Electrical energy, Light energy, Mechanical energy, Heat energy

71
Q

Biomass Pyramid

A

Measuring the amount of biomass at different trophic levels in a food chain.

72
Q

What is the relationship between succession and energy?

A

During succession, the patterns of energy flow, gross and net productivity, diversity, and mineral cycling change over time. Greater habitat diversity leads to greater species and genetic diversity.

73
Q

Evapotranspiration

A

The process by which water is transferred from land to atmosphere by evaporation from soil and other surfaces and by transpiration from plants.

74
Q

Factors limiting primary production in various ecosystems/biomes?

A

Temperature and precipitation, nutrient availability

75
Q

Genetic Diversity

A

Total number of genetic characteristics in genetic makeup of species

76
Q

Species Diversity

A

The number and relative abundance of species found in given biological organization.

77
Q

Ecosystem Diversity

A

The variations in ecosystems within geographical location and its impact on human existence and environment.

78
Q

Endangered Species

A

Any species that is at risk of extinction because of sudden rapid decrease in population or a loss of critical habitat.

79
Q

ESA - Endangered Species Act

A

The act functions by protecting individual species or subspecies and provides landscape-level protection for complements of species and the ecosystems.

80
Q

Threatened Species

A

Species most at risk of becoming extinct in near future.

81
Q

Extinction Vortex

A

The process that declining populations undergo when a mutual reinforcement occurs among biotic and abiotic processes that drives population size downward to extinction.

82
Q

Minimum Viable Population

A

The smallest number of individuals in species or population capable of persisting at specific statistical probability level for predetermined amount of time.

83
Q

Effective Viable Population

A

The smallest possible size at which biological population can exist without facing extinction from natural disasters, etc.

84
Q

Grizzly Bear Case: how and why recovered?

A

in 2018, the federal judge restored protections for grizzly bears under the endangered species act. A long time ago, pioneers almost completely wiped out grizzly bears because they were afraid of them.

85
Q

What is the Biodiversity Crisis?

A

The loss of ecosystem diversity results in the loss of interactions between species, unique features of co-adaptation, and biological productivity.

86
Q

Historic Extinction Rates

A

About one species every per every one million species per year due to it being a natural process.

87
Q

Why are islands more vulnerable?

A

They have a small geographic range and are limited only to the island and have low population numbers.

88
Q

Endemic Species

A

Those that live in a limited area such as mountain range, lake, island, etc.

89
Q

Indicator Species

A

An organism (usually a microorganism or plant) that serves as measure of environmental conditions that exist in given locale.

90
Q

Biodiversity Hotspot

A

A biogeographic region with significant levels of biodiversity that is threatened by human habitation.

91
Q

Economic Value of Biodiversity

A

Biodiversity is an input to aspects of ecosystem functioning and to the supply of ecosystem services which in turn provide benefits to people.

92
Q

How does human land use impact biodiversity?

A

Human land-use in a primary cause of biodiversity loss

93
Q

Reasons for extinction and examples

A

Loss and degradation of habitat (mainly deforestation) - over exploitation (hunting, overfishing) - invasive species - climate change - nitrogen pollution

94
Q

Migration

A

Large scale movement of members of species to a different environment.

95
Q

Movement Corridors

A

Linear features whose primary wildlife function is to connect at least two significant habitat areas.

96
Q

Why habitat fragmentation and destruction are so devastating to wildlife populations?

A

Because it deprives species of what they are naturally accustomed to; It makes them isolated, reduces the area where they can live, and creates new ecological boundaries.

97
Q

Link keystone species conservation to extinction

A

Without the keystone species, we would have no ecosystem. They help define and entire ecosystem.

98
Q

Introduced species and their impact on native ecosystems

A

Invasive species are capable of causing extinctions of native plants and animals, reducing biodiversity competing with native organisms for limited resources, and altering habitats.

99
Q

Climate Change and Extinction

A

Climate change can cause habitat loss, shifts in climatic conditions and in habitats that surpass migrational capabilities, and altered competitive relationships.

100
Q

Who was Rachel Carson and what did she do for us?

A

She was an American biologist known for her writings on environmental pollution and the natural history of the sea. She ended up challenging the use of man-made chemicals and it led to nationwide ban on DDT and other pesticides.

101
Q

How does restoration ecology relate to restoring species?

A

It relates to allowing natural succession to occur in ecosystem after removing source of disturbance.

102
Q

When did Animals evolve?

A

About 710 million years ago

103
Q

When did Bilaterians evolve?

A

635 million years ago

104
Q

When did Land Animals evolve?

A

About 450 million years ago

105
Q

What is a coelom?

A

It is a body cavity that connects and forms structures that suspend the internal organs.

106
Q

When did Chordates evolve?

A

About 500 million years ago

107
Q

When did jaws evolve?

A

480 million years ago

108
Q

When did Tetrapods evolve?

A

365 million years ago

109
Q

Amniotic eggs and their importance to land animals

A

These eggs contain four specialized membranes: the amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and the allantois. It is a key evolutionary innovation for terrestrial life because it allowed the embryo to develop on land in its own private “pond” reducing the need for an aqueous environment for reproduction.

110
Q

Ectothermic

A

Absorbing external heat as their main source of body heat.

111
Q

Endothermic

A

Capable of maintaining body temperature through metabolic activity.

112
Q

The bones of many birds have a honeycombed ______ structure and are filled with ____.

A

internal; air

113
Q

Synapsids

A

group of amniotes that lacked hair, had a sprawling gait, and laid eggs that evolved more than 300 million years ago.

114
Q

3 major types of mammals

A

Monotremes (platypus, anteaters) - Marsupials (kangaroos, opossums, koalas) - Eutherians (whales, rodents and most other mammals)

115
Q

Hominin

A

Emerged between 6-7 million years ago consisting of humans and the extinct species that are more closely related to us than to chimpanzees.

116
Q

Types of Animal tissue:

A

Epithelial, Nervous, Muscle, and Connective

117
Q

Regulator

A

Using internal mechanisms to control internal change during fluctuation.

118
Q

Conformer

A

Allowing its internal condition to change in accordance with external changes.

119
Q

Homeostasis

A

maintenance of internal balance - steady state

120
Q

Thermoregulation

A

When animals maintain their body temperature within a normal range

121
Q

Characteristics of open circulatory system

A

the circulatory fluid (hemolymph) is the interstitial fluid that bathes body cells. The heart pumps the hemolymph through the vessels into the sinuses. Relaxation of heart draws hemolymph back through pores and then the body movements squeeze the sinuses, circulating the hemolymph.

122
Q

Characteristics of closed circulatory system

A

Circulatory fluid called blood is confined to vessels where one or more hearts pump the blood into the large vessels that branch into smaller ones. Then, chemical exchange occurs between the blood and the interstitial fluid.

123
Q

Diffusion

A

Small molecules undergo diffusion which is a random thermal motion. Diffusion can result in a net movement but it is usually very slow because of the time it takes to diffuse.

124
Q

The cardiovascular system

A

The right ventricle pumps blood to lungs, loading O2 and unloads CO2. Blood from lungs enters heart at left atrium and pumped to body tissues by left ventricle. Blood returns to heart through right atrium.

125
Q

Function of Arteries

A

Carry blood from heart to organs throughout body.

126
Q

Function of Veins

A

Converged from venues that carry blood back to the heart through vessels.

127
Q

Function of Atria

A

Chambers that receive the blood entering the heart.

128
Q

Function of Ventricles

A

The chambers responsible for pumping blood out of the heart.

129
Q

Evolution of Single Circulation

A

The first blood vascular system, which lacked the endothelium present in modern vertebrates, probably arose in a common ancestor of vertebrates and arthropods around 700 million to 600 million years ago

130
Q

Evolution of Double Circulation

A

The double circulatory system evolved in mammals. Less evolved animals, such as fish only have a two chambered heart. Reptiles and amphibians evolved double circulation, but still only have a three chambered heart. Mammals evolved the four chambered heart together with double circulation.

131
Q

Cardiac Cycle: blood flow direction

A
  1. relaxation- blood returning from large veins flows into atria and then to ventricles through AV valves.
  2. Brief peilt of atrial contraction then forces all blood remaining in atria into ventricles.
  3. Then, the ventricular contraction pumps blood into large arteries through semilunar valves.
132
Q

What helps blood flow in veins?

A

by the rhythmic movement of smooth muscle in the vessel wall and by the action of the skeletal muscle as the body moves

133
Q

Lymphatic vessels role

A

the network of capillaries (microvessels) and a large network of tubes located throughout your body that transport lymph away from tissues.

134
Q

Partial Pressure

A

the pressure exerted by particular gas in a mixture of gases.

135
Q

Gas Exchange

A

The uptake of molecular 02 from environment and the discharge of C02 to environment.

136
Q

Respiratory Function

A

The movement of O2 and CO2 takes place by diffusion. Gas exchange is fast when area for diffusion is large and path for diffusion is short. Respiratory surfaces tend to be large and thin.

137
Q

Gills in Aquatic Animals

A

ventilation maintains the pressure gradients of 02 and CO2 across the gill that are necessary for gas exchange. Swimming is what causes the gills to do so.

138
Q

Tracheal Systems in Insects

A

Respiratory surfaces are enclosed within the body exposed to atmosphere only through narrow tubes.

139
Q

Lungs in Mammalians

A

Air enters through nostrils, filtered through nasal cavity, leading to the parent where air and food paths cross. When food is swallowed, the larynx moves upward opening the trachea/windpipe. The rest of the time the airway is open.

140
Q

Alveoli

A

Gas exchange in mammals occur here where air sacs are clustered at the tips of bronchioles.

141
Q

Cutaneous Respiration

A

form of respiration in which gas exchange occurs across the skin or outer integument of an organism rather than gills or lungs

142
Q

Gill Lamellae

A

used to increase the surface area between the surface area in contact with the environment to maximize gas exchange between water and blood.

143
Q

Countercurrent Flow

A

This is the way that a fish’s gills absorb the maximum amount of oxygen from the water.

144
Q

How other animal groups use their lungs and how different from humans

A

Both species have bronchial tubes leading to the lungs, but human systems are more complicated, with many branching bronchiole.

145
Q

Function of Air Sacs

A

They serve to increase respiratory efficiency by providing a large surface area for gas exchange.

146
Q

Homeostasis in Respiratory System

A

The gas exchange that occurs in the alveoli in the lungs - changing pressure gradients allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to diffuse in and out of the blood

147
Q

Ratios of oxygen and carbon dioxide in inhaled and exhaled air

A

The amount of inhaled air contains 21% of oxygen and 0.04% of carbon dioxide, while the air we breathe out contains 16.4% of oxygen and 4.4% of carbon dioxide.

148
Q

pH, hemoglobin, and Oxygen dissociation

A

In the presence of dissolved carbon dioxide, the pH of the blood changes; this causes another change in the shape of hemoglobin, which increases its ability to bind carbon dioxide and decreases its ability to bind oxygen.

149
Q

Erythrocytes

A

contain the pigment hemoglobin, which imparts the red color to blood, and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the tissues.

150
Q

Does the blood communicate with the respiratory system?

A

The circulatory and respiratory systems work together to circulate blood and oxygen throughout the body. Air moves in and out of the lungs through the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles. Blood moves in and out of the lungs through the pulmonary arteries and veins that connect to the heart.

151
Q

What is blue and what is red in diagrams and dissection?

A

the vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood are colored red, and the vessels that carry oxygen-poor blood are colored blue.

Biology 102 (10 decks)

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