Test Flashcards
What is the fastest growing major religion in the world today?
Islam
Who is the last prophet of Allah?
Muhammad
What countries was Islam dominant in?
Middle East, North Africa, Iran, Pakistan, Indonesia, and Niger
Where did bedouins establish?
The Arabian peninsula, they were nomadic, tribal, and polytheistic
What is a Sheikh
An Arab leader who ruled a community with consent of a tribal council
What is polygyny
Was a term referred to as in which a man has more than one wife at a time(this was a way to care for widows, whose husbands had died)
What and where was the most revered sacred stone?
A large black stone at the city of Mecca
What were tribal values of the bedouins
Honesty and generosity
What caused water travel to become more popular than than Overland routes?
When the Byzantine Empire and Sassanid empire stop fighting, and boats could transfer merchandise more easily than over land
Who was Muhammad?
He was the last prophet of Allah and was a caravan manager, married a rich widow, not worshiped as a divine
When did Muhammad believe that he was the last prophet of Allah?
c. 610
When did Christopher Columbus sail?
1492
What is a widow?
A woman who has lost her spouse by death and has not remarried
How many years did it take Muhammed to gather 30 people to follow his beliefs
Three
In three years, how many people did Mohammed get to follow his beliefs?
30
Why did leaders in Mecca persecute Muhammad kin
Because they rejected the idea that Mohammed was the agent of the one true deity, Allah
What city did Mohammed and his followers escape to because of persecution and what was the fleeing called?
City-Medina
Called-Hegira
What did Mohammed do in Medina?
He started the first Muslim community
What was the Ka’ aba
It was a shrine of Islam
Was Islam expanded through military conquest?
Yes
What did non-Muslims have to do if they wanted to practice their religion in the Muslim territory
They had to pay a tax to become exempt from military service and have the ability to practice their own religion
What are the Quran provide?
Guidance and laws for the followers of Islam
What were the five pillars?
Believing in only one God(Allah), praying five times daily, giving to the poor, fasting during the month of Ramadan, journey/visit Mecca at least once in a lifetime
What is jihad
Strong struggle within oneself against sin or a struggle against the enemies of Islam
Shariah
Developed by Muslim scholars that was a code of law which outlined behavioral requirements
What was the limit Mohammed put on polygyny
Four wives
What other countries started to use the shariah
Many parts of North Africa, Afghanistan
Who is the first caliph after Muhammad’s death?
Abu bakr, Who was supported by the sunnis, Ali, who lost later became the fourth caliph, who was supported by the Shiites
What does the term Dar al-Islam mean
All of Islamic culture, including the sunnis and the Shiites
Who assumed power after Ali was assassinated
Generals and armies, and a network of merchants from Mecca, they founded the Umayyad dynasty
Where did the Umayyad dynasty move the capital?
Damascus
Damascus fell into what group
The Abbasids, and they founded a new city for their capital Baghdad
What was Baghdad?
It was the capital city of the Abbasids, and was the center of learning, the intellectual water Baghdad represented a golden age of learning, invented techniques to make thicker more useful paper
Where did Baghdad adapt papermaking from?
China
Why did Persians begin a movement against the privileged status of Arabs?
They argued that the practice went against the Islamic principles of brotherhood and equality
What did Avicenna do
Advanced science of medicine and wrote on numerous topics, including astronomy, geography, and logic
What did Rumi do
He was a Persian poet, theologian, and jurist, his teachings became the basis of the sufi movement within Islam
What were viziers
Prime Minister
Problems for the Abbasids
Struggled with tax collection, overtime, the political empire became hierarchical with an growing bureaucracy
Similarities between the acid empire, and the Umayyad Empire
They were both sunny, their ethnicity of leaders was Arab, therefore policy was to spread Islam
What were Mamluks
Originate from Egypt, were Turkish group that used to be military slaves, and took control of Egypt and created an empire
Who were the seljuk Turks
They were Muslim, originated from central Asia, seized parts of the Middle East, including Baghdad itself, their leader took the title sultan
Who were the crusaders?
They reopen access so that Christian could travel easily to and from their holy sites in and around Jerusalem after the seljuk Turks limited this access
Who were the Mongols?
Most famous conquers in history, originated from Central Asia, they conquered what was the left of the opposite empire, pushed seljuk Turks out of Baghdad, continued expanding westward but were stopped in Egypt by mamluks
Economic challenges of Baghdad
Lost its place on the southern silk roads when good began to move more frequently on the northern routes, the infrastructure fell into decay after population decreased
What was the new capital of the Umayyad in Spain?
Cordoba
What was the battle of tours
The Islamic military retreated when it lost the battle of Thors against Frankish forces
What were dhows
Ships that were made excellent for carrying goods, but we’re less useful for warfare
What construction provided evidence of influence of architecture of the Umayyad
The Alhambra, palaces and fortresses that were built outside present day Grenada
Ibn Rushd also known as Averroes
Well, influential work on law, secular philosophy, and the natural sciences
Who was Maimonides
Great scholar of ethics who was Jewish
What caused merchants in Islamic society to become rich
They could go rich from their dealings with far-flung trade routes across the Indian Ocean ocean and central Asia
Why did many slaves convert to Islam?
If they converted, they could become free and their children could become free
Who did Muslims not in slave?
Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians
Who had more independence, slave, woman, or a regular woman?
Slave woman
What did Mohammed forbid?
Abortion
What is a harem?
The wives of a polygamous man
What was life like for women in the Islamic Society?
Woman enjoyed higher status and more respect as well as more rights
Who were sufis
A group that emerged that emphasize introspection to grass truce that they believe could not be understood through learning
What is the theory of Sufism beginning?
Began as a mystical response to the perceived love of luxury
What three continents were work crossroads of the Arabian peninsula
Africa, Europe, and Asia, also known as Afro Eurasia
Who are the bedouins
Nomads who lived in Desert, polytheistic, organized into clans that traded with each other
Where did the trade routes run from?
Ran from the extreme south of the Arabian peninsula to the byzantine and Sassanid empires in the north
What did the Hadith serve as
As a guide for interpretation of the Quran and for social and legal customs
Dhimmis, mawali, zakats
Dhimmis- non Muslim
Mawali-Muslim converts
Zakats-Muslims
Dome of the rock, Jerusalem
Where God created, Adam, Abraham was ready to sacrifice his son when God stopped him, where Muhammed is taken into heaven
Umayyads in Spain
Most powerful of Muslim states to compete with Abbasids
Luxury items being sold led to what
Banking to keep and deposit money
Eunuchs
Men with no testicles
Why did subsea in Africa not trade on a global level?
Because of their small scale
What two routes did merchants and Islam arrive
Across the Sahara and over the Indian ocean
South Arabian saddle on camels
Made riding easier because they could grab on the hump
Northern Arabians saddle on camels
Put them high in the air, which gave them greater visibility in battles
Northern Africans saddle on camels
Gave the writer the best possible control over the camel
Somalia in Eastern Africa saddle on camels
Saddle for carrying loads
What was the most precious thing traded and where did they acquire from
Gold, trade and the Senegal river
What two kingdoms gained wealthiness from trans saharan trade
Ghana and Mali
What was ghanas capital city
Kumbai Saleh
What were griots
Story tellers
Which part of India was more stable
Southern India
What is a Delhi sultanate
Also known as a kingodm
What is a jizya
A tax
Calicut know for
An important port
Where women more independent
Yes women during this time enjoyed much independence than in other places
