Test Flashcards
Why is counterbalancing used?
Its an attenpt to control order effects in a repeated measure design
What is independent group design
different participants are used in each condition of the IV. Separate group of participants for each condition
What is repeated measure group design?
same participants take part in each condition of the IV
What is matched pair design?
One pair must be randomly assigned to the experiment group and the other to the control group
Usually have similar variables
When do you use a directional hypothesis?
studies which are repeating research as they have some idea of what to expect
When do you use a non directional hypothesis
For new research or if the psychologist is unsure of what the affect will be
What is a null hypothesis
States there is no effect in a study
Why do we operationalise the variables
To be precise and clear at what is being manipulated and measured. This makes it testable and repeatable
How do you control demand characteristics?
Single blind design- participant is unaware of which condition they are in or the research aims
Deception - lying about the aims of the study and using distracting questions
What are the four participant effects?
Participant reactivity- effected by the awareness that they are in the study
Evaluation apprehension- affected by a worry they are being judged
Social desirability- Participants change to keep in line with social norms
The Hawthorne effects- participants are effected by an awareness of being observed
What are extraneous variables and what are the two types
Variables which can bias the research and do not vary systematically with the IV
Situational and participant
What is randomisation
The use of chance to reduce the effects of the researcher’s unconscious biases when designing an investigation
What is standardisation
Making sure all the participants are subject to the same instructions or experiences
What is the experimental method
The manipulation of an independent variable to measure the effect on the dependent variable
Experiments may be lab field quasi or natural
What is expectancy bias
Investigators can be influenced by what they are expecting to find
Advantages and disadvantages of independent measure desigb
A- order effects are not a problem
A- less likley to guess the aims
D-Not the same in terms of participant variables this may act as confounding variables reducing validity
D-lot of time and money more participants
Matched pair design advantages disadvantages
A-demand characteristics less problem as they only take part in a single condition
A-order effects less of a problem
D-Can never match participants exactly
D-matching pairs is time consuming
Repeated measure design advantages and disadvantages
A-Participant bariables controlled so higher validity
A-fewer participants so less time and money
D-has to do atleast two tasks may get better at it
D-Repeating the tasks could create boredom
D- demand characteristics more common
