Test 1 Study Guide/Review

Question 1

Physical Anthropology

Answer 1

studies humans as the biological organisms we are

Question 2

Cultural Anthropology

Answer 2

studies how we organize, rank, & relate to each other

Question 3

Linguistic Anthropology

Answer 3

studies how we communicate with each other

Question 4

Applied Anthropology

Answer 4

is how we apply anthropology knowledge to help solve problems

Question 5

Archaeology

Answer 5

how we dig up and study “material remains”

Question 6

Ethnology

Answer 6

“ology” means “study of” and this is how we study ethnic groups

Question 7

Ethnography

Answer 7

“graphy” means “to write” and this is how we write about how we studied an ethnic group

Question 8

Society

Answer 8

how any species is organized

Question 9

Adaptation

Answer 9

3 kinds
- long term = evolution/natural selection
- short term = immediate body response to stimuli
- cultural = tools; AC for heat, heating for cold

Question 10

Culture

Answer 10

learned behavior, not genetic or hereditary

Question 11

Acculturation

Answer 11

when 2 cultures share/borrow from each other, but there’s usually a more dominant majority

Question 12

Core Values

Answer 12

values a culture stresses/promotes as their important & symbolic/defining values

Question 13

Diffusion

Answer 13

the spread of anything

Question 14

Enculturation

Answer 14

how a child learns their culture

Question 15

Globalization

Answer 15

it is how/why we are interlinked

Question 16

Human Rights

Answer 16

self explanatory

Question 17

National Culture

Answer 17

can mean the culture of a country or ethnic group

Question 18

Subculture

Answer 18

a “culture within a culture”; the group is the same culture as the majority but has some differences

Question 19

Symbols

Answer 19

signs or sounds that have no necessary relation to what they signify, yet a large group all agree they have meaning even though the meaning can vary

Question 20

Universality

Answer 20

things that are true or apply to every culture like making babies and having some kind of family

Question 21

Generality

Answer 21

things that are true or apply to most cultures like the nuclear family

Question 22

Particularity

Answer 22

things that are specific to a single culture, like ceremonies/rituals surrounding death or marriage

Question 23

Ideal vs. Real Culture

Answer 23

• Ideal = a culture’s stated values
• Real = what people actual do or follow through with
• example: sex before marriage, Mormons drinking caffeine, alcohol, etc.

Question 24

Emic

Answer 24

how people interpret their own culture

Question 25

Etic

Answer 25

how an outsider interprets other cultures

Question 26

Complex societies

Answer 26

multi-cultural and/or multi-ethnic ones, like America

Question 27

Informed consent

Answer 27

involves letting the people that you are studying know that you are studying them and why

Question 28

Longitudinal research

Answer 28

a follow up to a study, to see how things have changed since the previous anthropologist was there

Question 29

Participant observation

Answer 29

participating in the culture you are studying

Question 30

Kinesics

Answer 30

the study of body language

Question 31

Lexicon

Answer 31

a dictionary that also includes sounds that have meaning

Question 32

Phonetics

Answer 32

the study of speech sounds

Question 33

Semantics

Answer 33

the meaning of words/phrases

Question 34

Syntax

Answer 34

how a language structures its sentence order
- example: yoda

Question 35

Style shifts (diglossia)

Answer 35

regional accents; speaking politely around coworkers, swearing around friends; formal and familial

Question 36

The Big 5 Urges

Answer 36

Food, shelter, sex, companionship, defense

Question 37

Ethnocentrism

Answer 37

thinking that the self-reliant American is the only way to be
- anyone who thinks their culture is superior to others

Question 38

Cultural relativism

Answer 38

understanding that cultures are different not because they are dumb but because they have had different circumstances

Question 39

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

Answer 39

Language shapes culture because we can only think in the words we know

Question 40

4 capabilities upon which culture depends

Answer 40

To learn, to use symbols, to use language, to use tools