Test 1 Study Guide/Review Flashcards
Physical Anthropology
studies humans as the biological organisms we are
Cultural Anthropology
studies how we organize, rank, & relate to each other
Linguistic Anthropology
studies how we communicate with each other
Applied Anthropology
is how we apply anthropology knowledge to help solve problems
Archaeology
how we dig up and study “material remains”
Ethnology
“ology” means “study of” and this is how we study ethnic groups
Ethnography
“graphy” means “to write” and this is how we write about how we studied an ethnic group
Society
how any species is organized
Adaptation
3 kinds
- long term = evolution/natural selection
- short term = immediate body response to stimuli
- cultural = tools; AC for heat, heating for cold
Culture
learned behavior, not genetic or hereditary
Acculturation
when 2 cultures share/borrow from each other, but there’s usually a more dominant majority
Core Values
values a culture stresses/promotes as their important & symbolic/defining values
Diffusion
the spread of anything
Enculturation
how a child learns their culture
Globalization
it is how/why we are interlinked
Human Rights
self explanatory
National Culture
can mean the culture of a country or ethnic group
Subculture
a “culture within a culture”; the group is the same culture as the majority but has some differences
Symbols
signs or sounds that have no necessary relation to what they signify, yet a large group all agree they have meaning even though the meaning can vary
Universality
things that are true or apply to every culture like making babies and having some kind of family
Generality
things that are true or apply to most cultures like the nuclear family
Particularity
things that are specific to a single culture, like ceremonies/rituals surrounding death or marriage
Ideal vs. Real Culture
- Ideal = a culture’s stated values
- Real = what people actual do or follow through with
- example: sex before marriage, Mormons drinking caffeine, alcohol, etc.
Emic
how people interpret their own culture
Etic
how an outsider interprets other cultures
Complex societies
multi-cultural and/or multi-ethnic ones, like America
Informed consent
involves letting the people that you are studying know that you are studying them and why
Longitudinal research
a follow up to a study, to see how things have changed since the previous anthropologist was there
Participant observation
participating in the culture you are studying
Kinesics
the study of body language
Lexicon
a dictionary that also includes sounds that have meaning
Phonetics
the study of speech sounds
Semantics
the meaning of words/phrases
Syntax
how a language structures its sentence order
- example: yoda
Style shifts (diglossia)
regional accents; speaking politely around coworkers, swearing around friends; formal and familial
The Big 5 Urges
Food, shelter, sex, companionship, defense
Ethnocentrism
thinking that the self-reliant American is the only way to be
- anyone who thinks their culture is superior to others
Cultural relativism
understanding that cultures are different not because they are dumb but because they have had different circumstances
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Language shapes culture because we can only think in the words we know
4 capabilities upon which culture depends
To learn, to use symbols, to use language, to use tools
