Ch. 2: Culture

Question 1

Enculturation

Answer 1

process by which a child learns his or her culture

Question 2

Symbols

Answer 2

signs that have no necessary or natural connection to the things they stand for or signify

Question 3

Popular culture

Answer 3

encompasses aspects of a culture that have meaning for many or most people within the same national culture

Question 4

Core values

Answer 4

key, basic, central values; integrates each culture & helps distinguish it from others

Question 5

Hominids

Answer 5

the zoologist family that includes fossil & living humans, as well as chimps & gorillas

Question 6

Hominins

Answer 6

group that leads to humans but not to chimps & gorillas & encompasses all the human species that have ever existed

Question 7

Estrus

Answer 7

the time during which women ovulate

Question 8

Universal

Answer 8

cultural features found in every culture

Question 9

Generalities

Answer 9

common to several but not all human groups

Question 10

Particularities

Answer 10

unique to certain cultural traditions

Question 11

Diffusion

Answer 11

cultural borrowing

Question 12

National culture

Answer 12

encompasses those beliefs, learned behavior patterns, values & institutions that are shared by citizens of the same nation

Question 13

International culture

Answer 13

extends beyond & across national boundaries

Question 14

Subcultures

Answer 14

different symbol based patterns & traditions associated with particular groups in the same complex society

Question 15

Ethnocentrism

Answer 15

the tendency to view one’s own culture as superior & to apply one’s own cultural values in judging the behavior & beliefs of people raised in other cultures

Question 16

Human rights

Answer 16

Involves a realm of justice & morality beyond & superior to laws & customs of particular countries, cultures & religions

Question 17

Cultural rights

Answer 17

Vested not in individuals, but in groups, such as religions & ethnic minorities & indigenous societies

Question 18

Intellectual property rights (IPR)

Answer 18

each society’s culture base = its core beliefs & principals; a cultural right allowing indigenous groups to control who may know & use their collective knowledge & its applications

Question 19

Cultural appropriation

Answer 19

taking or using, w/out permission or recompense, an aspect of someone else’s heritage in inappropriate, harmful, or unwelcome ways

Question 20

Acculturation

Answer 20

2nd mechanism of cultural change; is the ongoing exchange of cultural features that results when groups have continuous firsthand contact

Question 21

Independent invention

Answer 21

the process by which humans innovate, creatively finding solutions to problems = 3rd mechanism of change

Question 22

Globalization

Answer 22

encompasses series of processes that work transitionally to promote change in a world in which nations & people are increasingly interlinked & mutually dependent

Question 23

Cultural relativism

Answer 23

The viewpoint that behavior in one culture shouldn’t be judged by standards of another culture