Ch. 5: Making A Living

Question 1

food production

Answer 1

refers to human control over the reproduction of plants & animals, and it contrasts with foraging economies that precede it and that persist in some parts of the world

Question 2

foraging

Answer 2

an economy & way of life based on hunting & gathering

Question 3

correlations

Answer 3

associations or covariations between 2 or more variables
- example: intake & body weight

Question 4

band

Answer 4

small group of fewer than 100 people, all related by kinship or marriage

Question 5

horticulture

Answer 5

• nonintensive, shifting cultivation
• cultivation that doesn’t make intensive use of land, labor, or machinery

Question 6

agriculture

Answer 6

• intensive, continuous cultivation
• nonindustrial system of plant cultivation characterized by continuous & intensive use of land & labor

Question 7

cultivation continuum

Answer 7

a continuum of land & labor use with horticulture at one end & agriculture at the other

Question 8

pastoralists

Answer 8

people whose activities focus on such domesticated animals as cattle, sheep, goats, camels, yak & reindeer

Question 9

pastoral nomadism

Answer 9

the entire group (women, men children) move with the animals throughout the year

Question 10

transhumance

Answer 10

part of the group moves with the herds but most people stay in the home village

Question 11

economy

Answer 11

a system of production, distribution, and consumption of resources

Question 12

mode of production

Answer 12

• a way of organizing production
• a set of social relations through which labor is deployed to wrest energy from nature by means of tools, skills, organization, and knowledge

Question 13

means (factors) of production

Answer 13

include land (territory), technology, & available labor supply

Question 14

peasents

Answer 14

small-scale farmers who live in state-organized societies & have rent fund obligations

Question 15

market principle

Answer 15

governs distribution of means of production

Question 16

reciprocity

Answer 16

refers to exchanges between social equals, people who are related by some kind of personal tie

Question 17

reciprocity continuum

Answer 17

regarding exchanges, a range running from generalized reciprocity (closely related/deferred return) through balanced to negative reciprocity (strangers/immediate return)

Question 18

generalized reciprocity

Answer 18

someone gives to another person& expects nothing immediate in return

Question 19

balanced reciprocity

Answer 19

characterizes exchanges between people who are more distantly related than are members of the same band or household

Question 20

negative reciprocity

Answer 20

goal is to get something immediately & as cheaply as possible

Question 21

potlach

Answer 21

• a festive event within a regional exchange system among tribes of the North Pacific Coast of North America
• sponsoring community gave away food & wealth items to visitors from other villages