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Neuro Spring 2019 > Test 1 Shit > Flashcards

Test 1 Shit Flashcards

1
Q

What is the CNS composed of?

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

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2
Q

Different cortices that make up the cerebral cortex?

A 
Frontal Cortex
Parietal Cortex
Temporal Cortex
Occipital Cortex
Insular Cortex
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3
Q

The brain stem is composed of?

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla

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4
Q

Spinal Cord is composed of?

A 
Cervical 
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccygeal
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5
Q

Central Sulcus

A

Separates the frontal cortex from the parietal cortex

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6
Q

Lateral Fissure

A

AKA Sylvia Fissure

Separates the frontal and parietal cortices from temporal cortex

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7
Q

Preoccipital notch

A

Divides the temporal and occipital cortices

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8
Q

Operculum

A

Region of cerebrum bordering the lateral fissure

EX: Frontal, parietal, and temporal operculum

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9
Q

Caudal

A

Towards tail

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10
Q

Rostrum

A

Toward Head

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11
Q

Distal

A

Away

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12
Q

Proximal

A

Closer

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13
Q

Midbrain

A

Hidden by temporal lobe

-top part of brain stem

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14
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Inferior most portion of the brain stem

-continuous with the spinal cord at the foramen magnum

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15
Q

Pons

A

Below the Midbrain

Above the Medulla Oblongata

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16
Q

Parieto-occipital sulcus

A

Separates the parietal cortex from the occipital cortex

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17
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

White Matter

  • composed of myelinated axons that connect L and R brain together
  • axons run right to left/left to right in corpus callosum
  • medial cut=axons look like dots
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18
Q

White Matter definition

A

Large myelinated fiber tracts/axons

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19
Q

Grey Matter

A

Portion of the CNS containing high density of neuronal cell bodies

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20
Q

Thalamus

A
  • AKA diencephalon; reflects embryonic function
  • Subcortical Structure
  • involved in relay of info to and from the cerebral cortex
  • bilateral structure (gap between sides)
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21
Q

Cerebellum

A

Superior and dorsal to the brain stem

-involved with coordination

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22
Q

CSF-containing ventricular system composed of:

A

3rd ventricle
Cerebral Aqueduct
4th Ventricle

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23
Q

Hypothalamus

A

No anatomical boundary

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24
Q

Cerebral Aqueduct of midbrain

A

Connects 3rd and 4th Ventricle

-aka Cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius

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25
Q

3rd Ventricle

A

Space between thalami

  • continuous with cerebral aqueduct
  • located on the midline of the brain
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26
Q

Lateral Ventricles

A

2 of them

  • located in cerebral hemispheres
  • drain into the 3rd ventricle via interventricular foramen (AKA foramen of monro)
27
Q

Interventricular Foramen

A

AKA Foramen of Monro

-Connects the 2 lateral ventricles to 3rd ventricle

28
Q

How much CSF does an adult make on average per day?

A

150 cc (or mL)

29
Q

4th Ventricle

A

Located between the pons-medulla and cerebellum

30
Q

How does CSF flow from the 4th ventricle:

A

By 1 of 3 routes:

  • Median Aperture (foramen of Magendie)
  • Lateral Aperature (Foramen of LUSHKA)
  • Central Canal of medulla and spinal cord
31
Q

Median Aperature

A

AKA foramen of Magendie

  • unilateral (not bilateral)
  • CSF flow from 4th ventricle through this (one of 3)
  • empties into cistern magna (located at the base of the occipital bone)
32
Q

Lateral Aperature

A

AKA Foramen of LUSHKA

  • bilateral (R and L Sides)
  • located at the pons/medulla junction
  • empties into the Pontine Cistern
33
Q

Choroid Plexus

A

Produces CSF

-located in the lateral (body and inferior horn) ventricles, third ventricles, and fourth ventricles

34
Q

Circulation of CSF

A

Lateral Ventricles-> interventricular foramen-> 3rd ventricle-> cerebral aqueduct-> 4th ventricles-> median and lateral Aperature-> Transverse subarchnoid space-> arachnoid granulation-> absorbed into the venous circulation

35
Q

Stenosis

A

Squeezing/making smaller
-impeding flow
0can be caused by a tumor, bacteria, or debris

36
Q

Arachnoid Villus

A

AKA arachnoid granulation

  • protrude into the superior Sagittarius sinus (Dural sinus)
  • takes CSF and absorbs into venous circulation through the dura mater that forms the walls of the superior sagittal sinus
37
Q

Superior Sagittarius Sinus

A

Between 2 layers of Dura Mater

  • Dural Sinus
  • venous blood
38
Q

Meninges

A

3 membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord

1) Dura mater
2) Arachnoid
3) Pia Mater

39
Q

Dura Mater

A
  • Outermost layer of meninges
  • thickest membrane
  • doesn’t follow contour of brain

2 Layers:
-layers aren’t easily separable except where venous sinuses occur between them
Inner (meningeal) layer
-folds of meningeal layer form 4 fibrous partitions or septa that divide cranial cavity: 1) Falx cerebri, Tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli, diaphragma sellae
Outer (periosteal/endosteal) layer
-stops at the foramen magnum where it fuses with the occipital bone

40
Q

Falx cerebri

A
  • located between the 2 cerebral hemispheres

- top of cranium

41
Q

Tentorium cerebelli

A
  • located superior to the cerebellum

- covers the cerebellum within the posterior cranial fossa

42
Q

Falx cerebelli

A

extends vertical between the two cerebellar hemispheres

-bottom of cranium near cerebellum

43
Q

diaphragma sellae

A
  • extends between the anterior and posterior crinoid processes
  • covers the pituitary gland
44
Q

Arachnoid Membrane

A

Middle layer of meninges

-does not follow the contour of the brain (like dura mater)

45
Q

Subarachnoid Space

A
  • Found between the Arachnoid membrane and Pia Mater

- contains CSF, blood vessels (arteries and veins)

46
Q

Pia Mater

A
  • Inner most layer of meninges
  • Vascularized
  • areolar membrane
  • extends into every contour of brain
  • very thin/transparent
47
Q

CSF

A
  • constant circulation of 150 cc

- complete turnover 3-4 times/day

48
Q

Diploic Vein

A

Drains into Superior Sagittal Sinus

-valveless

49
Q

Emissary Veins

A
  • passes through foramina (Foramen) of skull

- connects superficials veins with deep venous structures (i.e. dural sinuses)

50
Q

Bridging Vein

A
  • easily ruptured In elderly
  • blood will split dura resulting in subdural hematoma
  • slow forming
51
Q

Galea Aponeurosis

A

CT b/w skin and skull

52
Q

Subgaleal Hematoma

A

bleed under galea aponeurosis

  • trauma
  • common in babies during birth when MD uses suction; pulls up aponeurosis
  • don’t let pt sleep bc unsure of LOC
53
Q

Epidural space

A
  • not normally present
  • b/w dural and skull
  • can be opened up by ruptured meningeal artery (ex: middle meningeal artery) which run in the periosteal layer of dura resulting in Epidural hematoma
  • Arterial blood is under High pressure-> Large V of blood can be lost into the epidural space fast-causing severe brain compression
  • unless bleeding is quickening controlled surgically
  • DEATH can happen quickly
54
Q

Meningeal artery

A

ex: Middle meningeal artery
- run in the periosteal layer of dura
- can result in epidural hematoma
- supplies blood to bone and dura mater
- High Pressure

55
Q

Subdural Space

A
  • not normally present
  • near the Jan between dura and arachnoid membrane
  • may be opened by blood from a vein; typically cerebral vein as it enters a dural sinus
  • Subdural Hematoma
56
Q

Trigon area

A

calcified area of choroid plexus=glomus

  • common for adults
  • opaque, will show up on x-ray
57
Q

Cisterna Magna

A

inferior to the cerebellum

-median aperture empties into

58
Q

Pontine Cistern

A

Lateral aperture empties into

59
Q

Disturbances of circulating of CSF

A
  • most common blockage of ventricles that leads to increase inn ICP
  • due to malfunction of absorption
  • can be caused by clogging by debris, bacterial etc
60
Q

Middle Meningeal artery

A
  • Enters cranium via foramen spinosum then bifurcates into anterior and posterior
  • anterior goes through pterion (very vulnerable area)
61
Q

Pterion

A

Intersection of sutures

-vulnerable area

62
Q

Aneurysms

A
  • Categorized by shape
  • involves all 3 layers of artery
  • unless aneurysm is pressing on something that is innervated=will not have symptoms
  • rupture will lead to stroke; Middle Cerebral A. most common artery involved in stroke in brain

1) Sacular
- berry like
- where arteries branch
- very likely to rupture
2) Fusiform
- bulging spindle shaped
- tend to not be a problem
- unlikely to rupture
3) Pseudoaneurysm
- does not involve all 3 layers of artery
- due to trauma causes separation between media and adventitia
- can be very painful
- usually do not rupture

63
Q

Tentorial Incisure

A

-oval opening in the tentorium cerebelli at anterior end that allows passage of brainstem into posterior cranial fossa

Neuro Spring 2019 (21 decks)

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