Test 1 review Flashcards

1
Q

How does somatostatin affect the pituitary?

A

inhibits GHRH from hypothalamus –> inhibits GH

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2
Q

What are actions of GH via IGF?

A

increased protein syn in chondrocytes –> linear growth

increased protein syn in muscle –> increased lean body mass

increased organ size

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3
Q

How can growth hormone excess be treated?

A

via somatostatin analogues –> will inhibit GHRH –> inhibit GH

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4
Q

Where do ADH and oxytocin originate (specifically)?

A

ADH = Supraoptic nuclei (SON)

oxytocin = Paraventricular nuclei (PVN)

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5
Q

What do the different ADH receptors do?

A

V2 receptor (Gs) –> adds aquaporins into principle cells of CD and late distal tubule

V1 receptor (Gq) –> constricts smooth muscle

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6
Q

what is the Wolff-Chaikoff effect?

A

high levels of I- inhibit organification and coupling reactions of I2

inhibits synthesis of thyroid hormone

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7
Q

What does thyroid deiodinase do?

What does deficiency of it look like?

A

removes I2 from leftover MIT and DIT in follicular cells –> I can be used to make more T3 and T4

deficiency = looks like I2 deficiency (Iodine gets sequestered in MIT and DIT)

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8
Q

What converts T4 to T3 in peripheral tissues?

A

5’-iodinase

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9
Q

How are bone and thyroid hormone related?

A

Thyroid hormones act w/ GH and somatomedins to promote bone formation

THs also stimulate bone maturation - in thyroid hormone deficiency, bone age is less than chronological age

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10
Q

What stimulates ACTH and by what receptor?

A

CRH via Gs –> cAMP –> ACTH

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11
Q

What are the basic anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids?

A

induce syn of lipocortin –> inhibits phospholipase A2 = precursor for prostaglandins and leukotrienes

inhibits production of IL-2 –> inhibits T cell proliferation

inhibit release of histamine and serotonin from mast cells and platelets

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12
Q

How does cortisol affect vasoconstriction?

A

upregulates alpha1 receptors on arterioles –> increase vasoconstrictive sensitivity to NE –> BP increases

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13
Q

How does glucagon increase gluconeogenesis?

A

decreases production of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate –> decreases phosphofructokinase activity –> substrates are directed toward glucose formation rather than breakdown

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14
Q

What is thyroid hormone’s mechanism of action on cells?

A

steroid hormone moa

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15
Q

Where is Ca reabsorbed and Pi excreted in the kidney due to PTH?

A

Ca reabsorbed in distal tubule

Pi excreted more in proximal tubule

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16
Q

What specific things does PTH do in the kidney in regard to Ca?

A

in DCT

stimulates TRPV5 on apical membrane to bring in Ca

stimulates Na/Ca exchanger on basolateral membrane

17
Q

How does PTH stimulate Pi excretion?

A

in PCT:

FGF23 goes to basolateral membrane to Gs –> inhibits Na-Pi symporters on apical membrane

18
Q

Where are CaSR in the kidney?

19
Q

What are the Basophils in the Ant Pit?

A

B FLAT

Basophils - FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH

20
Q

What things occur via the Ras-dependent path from insulin signaling?

A

cell grown, DNA synthesis

21
Q

What things occur via the RAS-independent/Pi3K path of insulin signalling?

A

glycogen, lipid, protein synthesis –> move GLUT4 to membranes

22
Q

Where is GLUT4 found?

A

adipose tissue

striated muscle

23
Q

How do you remember what cortisol does?

A

cortisol is A BIG FIB

Appetite increased

Blood pressure

Insulin resistance

Gluconeogenesis, etc

Fibroblast activity inhibited

Immune suppression

Bone formation down

24
Q

What things can inhibit peripheral conversion of T4 to T3?

A

glucocorticoids

beta-blockers

PTU

25
How does Thyroid hormone affect fat and sugar metabolism?
increases blood sugar by increasing glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis increases lipolysis
26
What hormones fxn via cAMP (Gs)?
FLAT ChAMP FSH LH ACTH TSH CRH ADH (V2) MSH PTH \*also calcitonin and glucagon\*
27
What hormones function via IP3 (Gq)?
GOAT HAG GnRH Oxytocin ADH(v1) TRH Histamine Angiotensin II Gastrin
28
What is the role of glucose in the synthesis of insulin?
upregulates preproinsulin mRNA
29
What is the main effect of glucagon during periods of hunger?
promotes breakdown of glycogen in the liver inhibits glycogen synthesis
30
What does IGF-1 do in the fed state?
breakdown of lipids and glycogen protein synthesis
31
How does insulin affect muscle?
increases protein synthesis increases glycolysis
32
What is distinct about GHRH signaling?
it uses a Gq receptor then also a Gs signals IP3 and AC/cAMP