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ENRE > Test 1 review > Flashcards

Test 1 review Flashcards

1
Q

How does somatostatin affect the pituitary?

A

inhibits GHRH from hypothalamus –> inhibits GH

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2
Q

What are actions of GH via IGF?

A

increased protein syn in chondrocytes –> linear growth

increased protein syn in muscle –> increased lean body mass

increased organ size

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3
Q

How can growth hormone excess be treated?

A

via somatostatin analogues –> will inhibit GHRH –> inhibit GH

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4
Q

Where do ADH and oxytocin originate (specifically)?

A

ADH = Supraoptic nuclei (SON)

oxytocin = Paraventricular nuclei (PVN)

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5
Q

What do the different ADH receptors do?

A

V2 receptor (Gs) –> adds aquaporins into principle cells of CD and late distal tubule

V1 receptor (Gq) –> constricts smooth muscle

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6
Q

what is the Wolff-Chaikoff effect?

A

high levels of I- inhibit organification and coupling reactions of I2

inhibits synthesis of thyroid hormone

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7
Q

What does thyroid deiodinase do?

What does deficiency of it look like?

A

removes I2 from leftover MIT and DIT in follicular cells –> I can be used to make more T3 and T4

deficiency = looks like I2 deficiency (Iodine gets sequestered in MIT and DIT)

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8
Q

What converts T4 to T3 in peripheral tissues?

A

5’-iodinase

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9
Q

How are bone and thyroid hormone related?

A

Thyroid hormones act w/ GH and somatomedins to promote bone formation

THs also stimulate bone maturation - in thyroid hormone deficiency, bone age is less than chronological age

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10
Q

What stimulates ACTH and by what receptor?

A

CRH via Gs –> cAMP –> ACTH

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11
Q

What are the basic anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids?

A

induce syn of lipocortin –> inhibits phospholipase A2 = precursor for prostaglandins and leukotrienes

inhibits production of IL-2 –> inhibits T cell proliferation

inhibit release of histamine and serotonin from mast cells and platelets

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12
Q

How does cortisol affect vasoconstriction?

A

upregulates alpha1 receptors on arterioles –> increase vasoconstrictive sensitivity to NE –> BP increases

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13
Q

How does glucagon increase gluconeogenesis?

A

decreases production of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate –> decreases phosphofructokinase activity –> substrates are directed toward glucose formation rather than breakdown

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14
Q

What is thyroid hormone’s mechanism of action on cells?

A

steroid hormone moa

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15
Q

Where is Ca reabsorbed and Pi excreted in the kidney due to PTH?

A

Ca reabsorbed in distal tubule

Pi excreted more in proximal tubule

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16
Q

What specific things does PTH do in the kidney in regard to Ca?

A

in DCT

stimulates TRPV5 on apical membrane to bring in Ca

stimulates Na/Ca exchanger on basolateral membrane

17
Q

How does PTH stimulate Pi excretion?

A

in PCT:

FGF23 goes to basolateral membrane to Gs –> inhibits Na-Pi symporters on apical membrane

18
Q

Where are CaSR in the kidney?

A

TAL

19
Q

What are the Basophils in the Ant Pit?

A

B FLAT

Basophils - FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH

20
Q

What things occur via the Ras-dependent path from insulin signaling?

A

cell grown, DNA synthesis

21
Q

What things occur via the RAS-independent/Pi3K path of insulin signalling?

A

glycogen, lipid, protein synthesis –> move GLUT4 to membranes

22
Q

Where is GLUT4 found?

A

adipose tissue

striated muscle

23
Q

How do you remember what cortisol does?

A

cortisol is A BIG FIB

Appetite increased

Blood pressure

Insulin resistance

Gluconeogenesis, etc

Fibroblast activity inhibited

Immune suppression

Bone formation down

24
Q

What things can inhibit peripheral conversion of T4 to T3?

A

glucocorticoids

beta-blockers

PTU

25
Q

How does Thyroid hormone affect fat and sugar metabolism?

A

increases blood sugar by increasing glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

increases lipolysis

26
Q

What hormones fxn via cAMP (Gs)?

A

FLAT ChAMP

FSH

LH

ACTH

TSH

CRH

ADH (V2)

MSH

PTH

*also calcitonin and glucagon*

27
Q

What hormones function via IP3 (Gq)?

A

GOAT HAG

GnRH

Oxytocin

ADH(v1)

TRH

Histamine

Angiotensin II

Gastrin

28
Q

What is the role of glucose in the synthesis of insulin?

A

upregulates preproinsulin mRNA

29
Q

What is the main effect of glucagon during periods of hunger?

A

promotes breakdown of glycogen in the liver

inhibits glycogen synthesis

30
Q

What does IGF-1 do in the fed state?

A

breakdown of lipids and glycogen

protein synthesis

31
Q

How does insulin affect muscle?

A

increases protein synthesis

increases glycolysis

32
Q

What is distinct about GHRH signaling?

A

it uses a Gq receptor then also a Gs

signals IP3 and AC/cAMP

ENRE (21 decks)

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