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ENRE > Development of the Genital System > Flashcards

Development of the Genital System Flashcards

1
Q

When does sexual differentiation begin?

A

week 7

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2
Q

When can genitalia be recognized in utero?

A

week 12

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3
Q

When is phenotypic differentiation complete in utero?

A

week 20

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4
Q

How do primordial germ cells develop through week 5?

A

specified w/in epiblast –> end up in yolk sac wall after gastrulation and body folding –> migrate up dorsal mesentery to enter genital ridge at week 5

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5
Q

What occurs to gonads at week 6?

A

primordial germ cells migrating to genital ridge

somatic support cells start dividing

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6
Q

What do the somatic support cells develop into?

A

male –> sertoli cells

female –> follicle cells

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7
Q

What does the mesonephric duct differentiate into?

A

(male stuff)

epididymis

vas deferens

seminal vesicle

ejaculatory duct

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8
Q

What do the paramesonephric/mullerian ducts differentiate into?

A

(female stuff)

oviduct

uterus

upper vagina

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9
Q

What do both the mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts arise from?

A

intermediate mesoderm of the urogenital ridge

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10
Q

What is the SRY gene?

A

on Y chromosome

expressed in somatic support cells –> upregulates testis-specific genes

sertoli cells organize seminiferous tubules

make paramesonephric ducts degenerate

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11
Q

When is SRY gene active?

A

days 41-52

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12
Q

What do fetal leydig cells arise from?

A

sertoli cells recruit intertubular cells –> fetal leydig

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13
Q

What specific genes does SRY turn on?

A

SRY –> Sox9 –> Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH)

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14
Q

In a male, when do the mullerian ducts degenerate?

A

weeks 8-10

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15
Q

What are the remnants of the mullerian duct in males?

A

appendix testis

prostatic utricle

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16
Q

What do adult leydig cells do?

A

produce androgens –> initiate spermatogenesis

masculinize brain

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17
Q

What does 5 alpha reductase do?

A

converts testosterone –> dihydrotestosterone

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18
Q

What does the seminal vesicle arise from?

A

buds off of mesonephric duct = intermediate mesoderm of urogenital ridge

19
Q

What do the prostate and bulbouretral glands arise from?

A

prostate = endoderm of UG sinus week 10

bulbouretral glands from endodermal buds

20
Q

What does the genital tubercle arise from?

A

ectodermal-covered mesoderm

21
Q

How does the male external genitalia arise?

A

cloacal membrane ruptures –> phalic portion of urogenital sinus open to exterior –> urogenital plate forms at roof (endoderm)

glans plate = remnants of cloacal membrane at ventral end or urotenital plate (endoderm)

22
Q

How are the urogenital groove and fold related to male external genitalia?

A

In 7th week perineum made of urogenital groove, w/ urogenital fold lateral (glands plate still present) –> fold eventually elongates and surrounds the groove

23
Q

What does DHT do to the developing penis?

A

drives lengthening and growth of genital tubercle and fusion of labioscrotal swellings to form scrotum

urethra closed by week 14

24
Q

What is contained in the suspensory ligament of the testes?

A

gonadal vessels, nerves, lymphatics

25
Q

How do the testes descend?

A

start at T10 –> gubernaculum attached to scrotum and pulls them down

26
Q

What is hypospadias?

A

urethra on ventral side of penis

0.5% of all births

27
Q

What is epispadias?

A

urethra opens on dorsal side of penis

1:120000

associated w/ exstrophy of bladder

body folding issue?

28
Q

What occurs genetically to induce the ovary?

A

no SRY –> WNT-4 expressed –> FOXL2 suppresses SOX9

promotes female genetalia

29
Q

What do oocytes develop from?

A

primordial germ cells –> oogonia –> oocytes

30
Q

What do follicle cells do?

A

somatic cells –> follicle cells

surround oocytes and block them in meiosis I

31
Q

What happens to the duct system in the developing female?

A

no sertoli cells –> no AMH, so paramesonephric/mullerian ducts retained

no leydig cells so mesoneprhic duct system is lost

32
Q

How does the uterus form and at what time?

A

inferior paramesonephric/mullerian ducts fuse

weeks 9-10

*uterine tubes are unfused superior portion of mullerian ducts*

33
Q

What are the 6 discussed uterus anomalies?

A

double uterus, double vagina

double uterus

bicornate uterus

septated uterus

unicornate uterus

cervical atresia

34
Q

How does the vagina form?

A

sinovaginal bulb fromed from endoderm at 10th week

begins to elongate and canalize –> finished w/ hymen at 20 weeks

upper vagina = mesoderm

lower vagina = endoderm

35
Q

How does the female external genitalia form?

A

beginning is same = urogenital plate, glans plate, and genital tubercle

no Testosterone –> no DHT –> no lengthening of genital tubercle, no fusion of urogenital folds or labioscrotal swellings

genital tubercle becomes clitoris

36
Q

How does the broad ligament form?

A

midline fusion of mullerian ducts –> lower urogenital ridge within pelvic cavity and is covered w/ peritoneum

when uterus and oviducts are finished, remaining tissue thins = double fold of peritoneum supporting uterus and ovary

37
Q

What do the parts of the gubernaculum develop into in the female?

A

superior part –> round ligament of ovary (ovary to uterus)

inferior part –> round ligament of uterus (uterus to labia majora)

38
Q

What are disorders of sex development (DSD)?

A

development of chromosomal, gonadal, and anatomic sex is atypical (1:5000)

39
Q

46, XY DSDs

A

genotype = male, has testis, but phenotype is female

causes:

inadequate T synthesis (17 beta dehydrogenase defect)

androgen insensitivity

5 alpha reductase deficiency

mutations in AMH or AMH receptor

40
Q

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

common cause is loss of functional androgen receptors (X-linked recessive, 1:20000)

have testis by no spermatogenesis

at puberty, T–> estradiol –> female secondary traits form

produce AMH, so no uterus or uterine tubes, vagina short and ends blindly

increased risk of testicular cancer

41
Q

5 alpha-reductase deficiency

A

46, XY genotype

AR inheritence

normal testis and duct system

underdeveloped male external genitalia

42
Q

Female DSDs

A

46, XX genotype

have ovaries, but masculine external genitalia

most common cause = congenital adrenal hyperplasia

43
Q

Ovotesticular disorders

A

true intersexuality

both testes and ovarian tissue

causes: translocation of a piece of Y onto X (barr body causes mosaicism)

subset of cells may have Y mutation

anomaly in sex determination and differentiation of primordial germ cells

44
Q

What is distinct about GnRH’s action on the ant pit?

A

upregulates its own receptor in the ant pit

in add’n to promoting LH and FSH secretion

ENRE (21 decks)

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