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ENRE > Male Reproductive Histology > Flashcards

Male Reproductive Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What surrounds the testes?

A

tunica albuginea –> tunica vaginalis = visceral and parietal layers

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2
Q

What is aWhat is the mediastinum testis?

A

thickening of tunica albuginea in the posterior

contains rete testis

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3
Q

What is a lobule of a testis?

A

seminiferous tubules + leydig cells

~250 lobules in each testis

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4
Q

What type of cells make up the semineferous tubules?

A

stratified epithelium:

sertoli cells = support cells

spermatogenic cells

surrounded by peritubular/myoid cells

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5
Q

What do the ends of seminiferous tubules become?

A

straight tubules

proximal part = sertoli cells

distal part = simple cuboidal

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6
Q

What is rete testis?

A

anastomosing channel w/in mediastinum

straight tubules continuous w/ this

*simple cuboidal/low columnar

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7
Q

What are efferent ductules?

A

connect mediastinum to epidydmis

transmit sperm from testis to epidydmis

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8
Q

What is contained in the head of the epidydmis?

A

efferent ductules

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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9
Q

What is contained in the body of the epididymis?

A

principal cells = pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/ stereocilia

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10
Q

What is distinct about the lumen of the epididymis?

A

lumen is smooth, not folded

stereocilia on principal cells

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11
Q

What characterizes the ductus deferens?

A

long muscular tube w/ pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/ stereocilia

muscular wall (inner and outer longitudinal w/ middle circular layer)

surrounded by loose CT and fat

*folded lumen*

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12
Q

What is the ampula of the ductus deferens?

A

dilated portion leading into prostate

taller, branched mucosal folds w/ glandular diverticula

distal end receives ducts of seminal vesicles

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13
Q

How are spermatogenic cells arranged in seminiferous tubules?

A

most immature at edges near myoid cells

sperm cells in/close to lumen

(mature toward lumen)

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14
Q

What are type A spermatogonia?

A

ovoid nuclei w/ intensely basophilic, granular chromatin –> remain as reserve cells or later become type B

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15
Q

What are type B spermatogonia?

A

spherical nuclei w/ chromatin condensed into large clumps around a central nucleolus –> enter meiosis to become mature sperm

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16
Q

What is the sequence of spermatogenesis?

A

type B spermatogonia –> primary spermatocyte (2n, 4d) –> secondary spermatocyte (1n, 2d) –> spermatids (1n)

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17
Q

What is the golgi phase of spermiogenesis?

A

hydrolytic enzymes from golgi –> make acrosomal vesicle

dev next to nucleus

where acrosome goes = anterior pole of sperm

centrioles migrate to posterior pole

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18
Q

What is the cap phase of spermiogenesis?

A

acrosomal vesicle enlarges and spreads over antior 1/2 of nucleus = cap

nuclear envelope attaches to acrosomal sac

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19
Q

What is the acrosome phase of spermiogenesis?

A

spermatid orients itself so head is embedded in sertoli cell –> points toward basal lamina

manchette is formed from cytoplasmic microtubules (involved in protein trafficking)

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20
Q

What is the maturation phase of spermiogenesis?

A

excess cytoplasm removed as residual bodies creating mature spermatozoon

spermatids released into lumen of seminiferous tubule

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21
Q

What is the structure of a sperm head?

A

flattened, condensed, elongated nucleus

2/3 of nucleus covered by acrosomal cap

22
Q

What is the structure of a sperm tail?

A

mid piece = mitochondria

principal piece = fibrous sheath, external course fibers (longest part)

end piece = containes axonemal complex (connects microtubules together)

23
Q

What is the pathway of sperm?

A

seminiferous tubule

straight tubule

rete testis

efferent ductule

epididymal duct

ductus deferens

ejaculatory duct

24
Q

what characterize sertoli cells?

A

support cells, don’t replicate after puberty

columnar w/ extensive apical and lateral processes surrounding spermatogenic cells

tight jxns btw cells = blood-testis barrier

secrete androgen-binding protein (ABP)

25
Q

What is ABP?

A

androgen-binding protein

secreted by sertoli cells

binds T and DHT w/ high affinity to transport thru blood

26
Q

What is the lamina propria surrounding seminiferous tubules?

A

layers of myoid cells that contract creating peristaltic waves to move spermatozoa through tubules to duct system

normal aging –> thickening of LP –> decreased rate of sperm production and size of seminiferous tubules

excessive thickening early in life = infertility

27
Q

What is in the intertitial stroma of testes?

A

loose intertubular CT

blood vessels

leydig cells

28
Q

WHat are crystals of reinke?

A

rod-shaped cytoplasmic crystals of androgens

in leydig cells

29
Q

What characterizes leydig cells?

A

large, eosinophilic cells w/ lipid droplets

crystals of reinke

elaborate smooth ER

secrete T and INSL3

30
Q

What do T and INSL3 do in embryo?

A

T needed form gonad dev

INSL3 –> decent of testes

31
Q

What do T and INSL3 do in puberty?

A

T for sperm production, accessory sex gland secretion, secondary sex characteristics

INSL3 promotes meiotic divisions in seminiferous tubules

32
Q

What do leydig cells do in adulthood?

A

T for maintenance of spermatogenesis, secondary sex char, accessory sex glands

secrete oxytocin to stim contraction of myoid cells moving sperm toward efferent ductules

33
Q

What are the accessory sex glands in a male?

A

seminal vesicles = 2

bulbourethral glands =2

prostate

34
Q

What forms the ejaculatory duct?

A

short excretory duct w/ ampulla of ductus deferens

35
Q

What are the layers af the seminal vesicle?

A

mucosa = folded to increase secretory SA; pseudostratified columnar epithelium resting on basal lamina

smooth muscle = contracts during ejaculation

fibrous coat

36
Q

What is the secretion from the seminal vesicles?

A

whitish, yellow viscous fluid = 75% of semen

contains fructose, AAs, ascorbic acid, and prostaglandins

nourish sperm

37
Q

What characterize the bulbourethral glands?

A

paired, pea-sized glands in urogenital diaphragm

ducts that join w/ spongy urethra

compound tubuloalveolar glands = simple columnar epithelium

38
Q

What is the secretion from the bulbourethral glands?

A

clear, mucus-like w/ galactose, sialic acid, methylpentose

main part of preseminal fluid - lubricates urethra and neutralizes any traces of acidic urine

39
Q

What is the histology of the prostate?

A

glands lined by simple columnar or pseudostratified epithelium

40
Q

What does the prostate secrete?

A

clear, slightly alkaline fluid to neutralize acidic environment of vagina

provides nutrients, transports, and liquefies sperm

41
Q

What are the 4 zones of the prostate?

A

peripheral = posterior and lateral parts of gland; where prostatic carcinomas start (DRE)

transitional = surrounds prostatic urethra; BPH location

central = surrounds ejaculatory ducts (basophilic cytoplasm w/ large nuclei at diff levels in adjacent cells)

Periurethral = mucosa and submucosa (BPH grows here later)

42
Q

WHat is benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A

primarily occurs in transitional zone –> later in periurethral zone

cells undergo extensive division –> nodular masses of epithelial cells

causes partial or total obstruction of prostatic urethra

43
Q

What characterizes prostate cancer?

A

prostatic adenocarcinoma = MC cancer in men

70% of 70-80 yo have prostatic adenocarcinoma

arise in peripheral zone = easily felt on DRE

PSA for early diagnosis, better for tracking progress

most cases are asymptomatic until very late in disease

44
Q

What is the pH of semen?

average ejaculate?

A

7.7

3 mL, 100 million sperm per mL, 20% abnormal, 25% immotile

45
Q

What binds the 3 corpora of the penis together?

A

tunica albuginea

46
Q

How are the corpora cavernosa supplied w/ blood?

A

deep artery of penis runs w/in corpora cavernosa –> branches into helicine arteries

47
Q

How does bloodflow contribute to an erection?

A

blood fills sinuses in erectile tissue –> increased size and rigidity

sinuses anastomose w/ veins allowing blood drainage

engorgement of sinuses –> compresses and restricts venous outflow –> blood trapped in sinuses –> erection maintained

48
Q

How does an erection occur?

A

PNS signals from pelvic splanchnic ns –> penis –> NO –> GC –> cGMP –> Ca storage in smooth muscle cells –> Sm m relaxation –> increased blood flow into sinusoids of erectile tissue

49
Q

What is detumescence?

A

stopage of an erection

50
Q

How does detumescence occur?

A

SNS –> contraction of SM and decreased blood flow to sinusoids –> opening of veins of penis and release of blood

Phosphodiesterase breaks down cGMP –> decreases sm m relaxation

*PDE inhibitors*

ENRE (21 decks)

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