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ENRE > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

What type of tissue covers the perimetrium of the uterus?

A

serosa

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2
Q

What part of the broad L of the uterus does the round L of the uterus pass through?

A

mesometrium

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3
Q

What are the glands in the female perineum called?

A

greater vestibular glands: posterior to bulbs of vestibule

lesser vestibular glands: secrete mucus btw external urethral orifice and vaginal orifice

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4
Q

What is the level of the ilioinguinal nerve?

What relevant branch comes from it?

A

L1

anterior scrotal/labial N

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5
Q

What is the spinal level of genitofemoral N?

What relevant branch comes from it?

A

L1-L2

genital branch –> to scrotum/labia

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6
Q

What levels make up obturator N?

A

L2-4

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7
Q

What spinal levels make up the lumbosacral trunk?

A

L4-5

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8
Q

What spinal levels make up posterior femoral cutaneous N?

What relevant branch arises from it?

A

S1-3

perineal branch to scrotum/labia

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9
Q

What muscles does the deep perineal n innervate?

A

deep transverse perineal

superficial transverse perineal

ischiocavernosus

bulbospongeosus

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10
Q

What are the branches of the coccygeal plexus?

A

anococcygeal N

nerve to levator Ani (S4)

nerve to coccygeus m (S4, 5)

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11
Q

How does pain run in the pelvis?

A

with parasympathetic pelvic splanchnics –> ventral rami of sacras spinal nerves –> dorsal root and dorsal root ganglion –> synapse in dorsal horn of spinal cord

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12
Q

What is the intermesenteric plexus and what does it form/supply?

A

mixed S and PS

input from superior mesenteric and aortic plexuses

forms periarterial plexus –> follows gonadal As –> ovarian plexus

feeds S into Inferior mesenteric and superior hypogastric

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13
Q

What is the superior hypogastric plexus and what does it produce/innervate?

A

ONLY sympathetic

input from lumbar splanchnic Ns

produces ureteric plexus and testicular plexus

sends hypogastric Ns to Inf hypogastric plexus

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14
Q

Where can you see the hypogastric Ns?

A

Can see it superior and anterior to anterior sacral rami

feeds lateral to medial to inf hypogastric plexus

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15
Q

What parasympathetically innervates the descending and sigmoid colon?

A

inferior hypogastric plexus

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16
Q

What nerves are only parasympathetic?

A

cavernous Ns

from uterovaginal plexus or prostatic plexus –> work to produce erections

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17
Q

What are the branches of the prostatic plexus?

A

cavernous Ns (only PS)

Nerves of the ductus deferens

Nerves of the ejaculatory ducts

Nerves of the seminal vesicles

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18
Q

How do visceral sensory fibers from the uterus, cervix, and vagina travel?

A

from fundus and body of Uterus: w/ sympathetic fibers of uterovaginal plexus

From cervis and upper vagina: w/ Parasympathetics

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19
Q

What branches of the femoral A are relevant?

A

superficial and deep external pudendal A –> anterior scrotal/labial A

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20
Q

What is the internal rectal venous plexus?

A

superior most anastomosis of the superior, middle, and inferior rectal Vs

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21
Q

What is the external rectal venous plexus?

A

inferior most anastomosis of the superior, middle, and inferior Rectal Vs

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22
Q

What N innervates the external urethral sphincter M?

What muscles are associated w/ it and are also innervated by the same nerve?

A

dorsal N of clitoris/penis

compressor urethrae m

urethrovaginal sphincter M

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23
Q

What N innervates the external anal sphincter m?

A

inferior rectal N

24
Q

What are the small muscles branching from pubococcygeus?

A

levator prostatae

pubovaginalis

puboperinealis

puboanalis

25
Q

What nerves innervate the levator ani ms?

A

n to levator ani M (S4)

inferior rectal N

branches of coccygeal plexus

26
Q

What nerve innervates coccygeus M?

A

ner to the coccygeus (S4,5, branches of coccygeal plexus)

27
Q

What is the interureteric fold?

A

superior limit of the trigone

28
Q

What is vesical fascia?

A

loose connective tissue surrounding the detrusor M

29
Q

What are the contents of the spermatic cord?

A

ductus deferens

testicular A

A of ductus deferens

cremasteric A

Pampiniform plexus of veins

genital branch of genitofemoral N

30
Q

What are mural granulosa cells?

A

become highly steroidogenic

remain in the ovary after ovulation to differentiate into the corpus luteum

31
Q

What causes the breakdown of the follicle wall to release an egg during ovulation?

A

before ovulation, follicle presses against wall of ovary to form bulge = stigma

LH surge –> inflammatory cytokines and hydrolytic enzymes from theca and granulosa cells –> breakwon follicle wall, tunica albuginea, etc

32
Q

What produces angiogenic factors to increase blood supply to a corpus luteum?

A

granulosa cells

33
Q

What happens to thecal cells after follicular atresia?

A

thecal cells persist and repopulate the cellular stroma of the ovary

have LH receptors and ability to produce androgens

collectively called the interstitial gland of the ovary

34
Q

What is the diagonal conjugate diameter?

A

from inferior edge of pubic symphysis to sacral promontory

35
Q

What structure is often damaged in anterior-posterior crush injuries of the pelvis?

A

urinary bladder

36
Q

Where is the pudendal canal located in the ischiorectal fossa?

A

lateral wall

contains pudenal N and internal pudendal A

37
Q

What lobes are commonly involved in BPH?

A

middle lobes (central zone)

38
Q

Which pelvic floor muscle is likely to tear during childbirth if the perineum tears?

A

pubococcygeus

39
Q

What is a good landmark to find the left ureter?

A

anterior to left common iliac A

40
Q

What ligaments provide direct support to the uterus?

A

cardinal ligament

uterosacral ligament

41
Q

What is the most typical position for the uterus?

A

anteflexed and anteverted

42
Q

What is contained in the pubocervical L?

A

superior vesicle artery and vein

43
Q

What is contained in the male urogenital diaphragm?

A

membranous urethra

bulbourethral glands

deep transverse perineal m

external urethral sphincter

44
Q

What is contained in the female urogenital diaphragm?

A

deep tranverse perineal m

external urethral sphincter m

compressor urethrae m

sphincter urethrovaginalis m

bulb of the vestibule

greater vestibular glands

45
Q

What secretes estradiol in the developing follicle?

A

theca interna

46
Q

How many days after ovulation does the corpus albicans begin to form?

A

14

47
Q

What are the 3 layers from out to in that the sperm needs to get through to get to the oocyte?

A

corona radiata

zona pellucida

plasma membrane

48
Q

What are the 3 steps of capacitation?

A
  1. uterine and fallopian tubes wash away inhibitory factors from sperm
  2. membrane becomes permeable to Ca –> tail more powerful and ready to release stuff
  3. activated sperm
49
Q

When do sperm express ZP-3 receptors?

A

only after capacitation

50
Q

What are the 3 glycoproteins in the zona pellucida and what do they do?

A

ZP-1 = crosslinker

ZP-2 = blocks polyspermy

ZP-3 = initiates acrosome rxn (then falls off)

51
Q

What occurs to sperm immediately after it enters the egg?

A

nucleoli merge and sperm DNA condenses

52
Q

What are the steps of the cortical Rxn

A
  1. ZP-2 –> ZPf –> inhibits entrance of sperm
  2. ca released –> granules also released and egg completes meiosis II
  3. Egg activated - sperm DNA condenses, male and femal pronuclei fuse
53
Q

What are the autocrine growth factor functions of hCG?

A

stimulates trophoblast growth and development

stimulates placental growth

54
Q

What cells can secrete prolactin?

A

decidual cells

55
Q

What are the most high risk strains of HPV?

A

16 and 18

ENRE (21 decks)

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