Test 1 questions Flashcards
What is the function of each type of bone cell?
Osteoblast—> form bone
Osteocyte—-> maintain or nurture bone
Osteoclast—-> remodel bone
What are the 4 basic tissues of the human body?
epithelial, muscle, neural, connective
What is the primary constituent of the ground substance?
glycosaminoglycans
What is the principle type of protein fiber in bone?
collagen type 1
What is the most frequently described deposit in bone?
hydroxyapatite
What is Wolff’s law as it pertains to bone?
living tissue will respond to stressors; bone is formed or absorbed in response to stress
What are the 3 responses of bone that allow it to e described as “living”?
it has the ability to heal
to remodel under stressors
to age
What is bone the embryological derivative of?
mesenchyme or cartilage
What is the name give to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme?
intramembranous ossification
What is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification?
from the 2nd to 3rd month in utero
What is the timing for the appearance of ossification in cartilage?
from 2nd to 5th month in utero
What part of the skull is derived from endochondral ossification?
chondrocranium
Which bone of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?
the clavicle
What are the primary sources of variation observed in bone?
sexual dimorphism (gender variation) ontogenetic variation (growth or age variation) geographic or population-based variation (ethnic variation) idiosyncratic variation (individual variation)
What are the 6 more commonly used classifications of normal bone?
long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, paranasal sinus or pneumatic bones and sesamoid bones
What are the classifications given to abnormal bone stressed in Spinal II?
heterotopic and accessory bone
What is the name given to bone formed in a non-bone location?
heterotopic bone
What is the name given to bone formed from existing bone?
accessory bone
What is the characteristic feature of a long bone?
it is longer than it is across (length greater than breadth)
What are the names given to the parts of a long bone?
the diaphysis (shaft) typically 2 epiphyses (extremities)
What is the primary characteristic of short bones?
they are essentially cuboidal
What are examples of short bones?
most of the bones of the carpus and tarsus
What are examples of flat bones?
the parietal bone and sternum
What are examples of pneumatic bone?
frontal, ethmoid, maxilla, sphenoid, and temporal
What is the characteristic of sesamoid bone?
the bone develops within a tendon
What are consistent examples of sesamoid bones?
patella and pisiform
What are examples of heterotopic bone?
calcific deposits in the pineal gland, heart, and ligaments
What are examples of accessory bone?
para-articular processes and bony spurs of vertebrae
What are the 4 basic surface feature of categories?
elevations, depressions, tunnels or passageways and facets
When do the surface features of bone become prominent?
during and after puberty
What are the types of osseous linear elevation?
the line, ridge and crest
What are the types of rounded osseous elevations?
tubercle, protuberance, trochanter, tuber or tuberosity and malleolus
What are the categories of sharp osseous elevations?
spine and process
What are the categories of osseous depressions?
linear and rounded depressions
What are the categories of osseous linear depressions?
notch or incisure, groove, and sulcus
What are the categories of rounded osseous depressions?
the fovea and fossa
What are the names given to openings on the surface of bone?
ostium or orifice and hiatus
What are the names given to osseous ostia which completely penetrate bone?
foramen or canal
What is the definition of an osseous foramen?
an ostium passing completely through a thin region of bone
What is the definition of an osseous canal?
an ostium passing completely through a thick region of bone
What is the name given to an ostium which does not completely penetrate through a region of bone but appears as a blind-ended passageway?
meatus
What is the definition of an osseous fissure?
an irregular slit-like or crack-like appearance between the surface of adjacent bones
What are the categories of osseous facets?
flat facets and rounded facets
What are the categories of rounded osseous facets?
articular heads and articular condyles
What bones form the axial skeleton?
the skull, hyoid, vertebral column, sternum, ribs
What is the name given to the adult skull minus the mandible?
the cranium
What are the names given to the top of the adult skull?
the calvaria or calva
What are the categories of bone forming the typical adult skull?
the neurocranium, the facial skeleton (splanchnocranium or visceral skeleton) and the auditory ossicles
What is the total number of bones forming the typical adult skull?
28
What bones form the neurocranium of the typical adult skull?
the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid and ethmoid
How many bones form the typical adult neurocranium?
8
How many bones form the facial skeleton? (splanchnocranium or visceral skeleton)
14
What is the name given to the presacral region of the typical adult vertebral column or spinal column?
the spine
What is the total number of bones forming the typical adult spine?
24
How many bones are present in the typical adult sternum?
1
What regions are present along the typical adult sternum?
the manubrium sterni, the corpus sterni and the xiphoid process
What are the characteristics of the (amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis?
primary cartilage joints, temporary in longevity, composed of hyaline cartilage and form between ossification centers within a cartilage template
What are examples of a permanent (amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis?
costochondral joints or the first sternochondral joint
What are the characteristics of a (amphiarthrosis) symphysis?
limited motion, median plane location, support ligaments both anterior and posterior to the joint, more permanent in longevity than synchondrosis and they occur between bones developing by endochondral ossification
Which example of a (amphiarthrosis) symphysis is temporary?
symphysis menti
What are the four consistent features of synovial (diarthrosis) joints?
articular or fibrous capsule, synovial membrane, articular cartilage and synovial fluid
What are the characteristics of the type 1 articular receptors?
located in the superficial layer of the fibrous capsule, resemble Ruffini endings, most numerous in cervical zygapophyses and they monitor the joint “at rest”
What are the characteristics of type 2 articular receptors?
located in deeper strata of the fibrous capsule, resemble Pacinian corpuscles, most numerous in the cervical spine and monitor the joint during normal range of motion
What are the characteristics of type 3 articular receptors?
present in collateral and intrinsic ligaments, resemble Golgi tendon organs, not initially observed along the vertebral column and monitor extreme joint motion
What is the function of type 4 articular receptors?
nociceptive, they monitor pain
Type 4b articular receptors would be present in what locations?
accessory ligaments in general, dense in the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine
What are the three modifications of articular synovial membrane?
- synovial villi, 2. articular fat pads or Haversian glands, 3. synovial menisci and intra-articular discs
Articular fat pads are most numerous in what location along the vertebral column?
lumbar zygapophyses
Intra-articular discs are a feature of what joints examples?
temporomandibular, sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular and radio-ulnar joints
Synovial menisci are a feature of what joint examples?
femur-tibia articulation, cervical zygapophyses and lumbar zygapophyses
What are the specific functions of type A synovial cells?
are phagocytic
What is the specific function of type B synovial cells?
secrete proteinaceous substances and hyaluronic acid
Which collagen fiber type predominates in articular cartilage?
type 2
What is the primary function of bound gylcosaminoglycans in articular cartilage?
form a network for water retention
What is implied when cartilage is said to have elastic properties?
cartilage can deform and return to original volume rapidly, a time independent property
What is implied when cartilage is said to have viscoelastic properties?
cartilage can deform but returns to original volume slowly, a time dependent property
Which theory of joint lubrication implies a loss of fluid from the cartilage into the joint space during compression results in increased viscosity of the synovial fluid?
weeping theory
Which theory of joint lubrication implies water loss from the synovial fluid increases viscosity of the remaining synovial fluid?
boosted theory
Which theory of joint lubrication implies an adsorption of lubricant onto cartilage surfaces is responsible for the low-friction observed during movement?
boundary theory
What are the properties of synovial fluid?
it is yellow-white, viscous, slightly alkaline and tastes salty
Which substance in synovial fluid was first thought to be responsible for its viscosity and lubricating behavior?
hyaluronate
What substance of synovial fluid has been proposed to be responsible for its viscosity and lubricating behavior?
lubricin
What is a complex synovial joint (diarthrosis)?
within the simple joint or the compound joint, the articulating surfaces are separated by an articular disc (intra-articular disc) or meniscus
What morphological classification of synovial joints is classified as nonaxial?
plane (diarthrosis arthrodial)
What morphological classification of synovial joints would be classified as uniaxial?
hinge (diarthrosis ginglymus) and pivot (diarthrosis trochoid)
What morphological classifications of synovial joints would be classified as biaxial?
(diarthrosis) bicondylar, (diarthrosis) condylar, (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal and saddle (diarthrosis sellar)
What morphological classification of synovial joints would be classified as multiaxial?
ball and socket (diarthrosis enarthrosis), (diarthrosis spheroidal), (diarthrosis cotyloid) are all classifications given to the same type of joint
What are the examples of synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joints?
median atlanto-axial joint and proximal radio-ulnar joint
What are examples of diarthrosis condylar or diarthrosis bicondylar joints?
temporomandibular joint and femur-tibia joint of the knee
What are examples of diarthrosis ellipsoidal joints?
radiocarpal joint of the wrist, metacarpo-phalangeal joints of the hand, metatarsal-phalangeal joints of the foot and the atlanto-occipital joint of the vertebral column
What are examples of synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) joints?
carpometacarpal joint of the thumb, talocrural joint of the ankle nd the calcaneocuboid joint of the foot
What are examples of diarthrosis cotyloid joints?
femur-acetabulum of the innominate articulation at the hip and the humerus - glenoid cavity of the scapula articulation at the shoulder
What is the number of vertebrae in a typical adolescent?
33 segments
What is the number of vertebrae in a typical adult?
26 segments
What constitutes the spine?
the 24 presacral segments; the cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae
Which mammals have more than seven cervical vertebrae?
the ant bear and three-toed sloth
Which mammals have less than seven cervical vertebrae?
the manatee and two-toed sloth
What does the term “cervical” refer to?
the region of the neck
What does the term “thoracic refer to?
breast plate or chest; it referred to the armor bearing region of the torso
What other term is often used to identify the vertebral segments of the chest?
the dorsal segements; the dorsals
What does the term “lumbar” refer to?
the loin; the region between the rib and the hip
What does the term “sacrum” refer to?
the holy bone or holy region
What does the term “coccyx” refer to?
a cuckoo birds’ bill or cuckoo birds’ beak
What is the length of a typical male spinal column?
about 70 centimeters or 28 inches
What is the length of a typical female spinal column?
about 60 centimeters or 25 inches
What is the length difference between a typical male and typical female spinal column?
about 3 inches
What is the length of the male cervical region (both measurements)
about 12 centimeters or 5 inches
What is the length of the male thoracic region ( both measurements)?
about 28 centimeters or 11 inches
What is the length of the male lumbar region (both measurements)?
about 18 centimeters or 7 inches