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Spinal > S3 Arthrology of the Vertebral Column > Flashcards

S3 Arthrology of the Vertebral Column Flashcards

1
Q

What is the reason that 9 common ligaments are identified but only 8 will be attached at any specific vertebral couple?

A

the ligamentum nuchae and supraspinous ligaments attach to the spinous tubercles, but only 1 of these will be identified at a single vertebral couple

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2
Q

What is the number of true intervertebral discs identified in the adult?

A

23

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3
Q

In the adult, which vertebral levels will demonstrate a true intervertebral disc?

A

those between C2 and S1 inclusive

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4
Q

What is the percent of intervertebral disc height contribution to the length of each region of the vertebral column?

A

cervical…22-25%; thoracic….20%; lumbar….33%

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5
Q

What are the names of the central, peripheral, and horizontal zones of the intervertebral disc?

A

nucleus pulposus… central zone; annulus fibrosus…peripheral zone; cartilaginous end plate….horizontal zone

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6
Q

What is the water concentration in the lumbar nucleus pulposus at birth and after 30?

A

birth…..88%; thirty…..70%

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7
Q

What is the consequence of non-aggregated glycosaminoglycans in the lumbar nucleus pulposus?

A

the nucleus pulposus will loose water under deformation conditions

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8
Q

What cell is associated with the nucleus pulposus until about age 11?

A

notochord cells

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9
Q

Which type of collagen is dominant in the nucleus pulposus?

A

collagen type II

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10
Q

What is the organizational pattern for collagen fibers in the nucleus pulposus?

A

they are irregularly oriented and randomly scattered

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11
Q

What is the appearance of the cervical annulus fibrosus?

A

a horse-shoe with the anterior margin thick and the lateral margins tapering to the uncinate processes; the posterior margin is thin

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12
Q

What compensates for the thinness of the posterior part of the cervical annulus fibrosus?

A

posterior longitudinal ligament

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13
Q

What is the organization of the lumbar annulus fibrosus?

A

it has 12-14 concentric cylindrical lamellae

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14
Q

What is the water concentration in the lumbar annulus fibrosus at birth and after thirty?

A

birth…..78%; thirty…..70%

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15
Q

What is the organizational pattern for glycosaminoglycans in the lumbar annulus fibrosus?

A

they typically have a binding site for hyaluronic acid and are thus aggregated

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16
Q

Which type of collagen is dominant in the annulus fibrosus?

A

collagen type I

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17
Q

What is the organizational pattern for collagen fibers in the annulus fibrosus?

A

they are parallel with 1 another in a single lamellus and angled

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18
Q

What is the organization of collagen fibers between lamellae?

A

collagen fibers will be angled in the opposite direction such that a spiral - counterspiral organization is observed

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19
Q

What is the attachment site for collagen fibers within the annulus fibrosus?

A

collagen fibers of the outer lamellae will become Sharpey’s fibers and penetrate the epiphyseal rims; collage fibers of the inner lamellae will attach to the cartilaginous end plate

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20
Q

What is the origin for the cells of the annulus fibrosus?

A

sclerotomites

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21
Q

What is the principal type of collagen fiber within the cartilage end plate?

A

the type II collagen fiber

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22
Q

What is the direction of collagen fibers within the cartilage end plates?

A

anterior to posterior

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23
Q

What is the attachment site for collagen fibers of the inner lamellae of the annulus fibrosus?

A

cartilaginous end plate

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24
Q

What are the types of receptor endings in the intervertebral disc?

A

nociceptors and proprioceptors

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25
Q

What is the relationship between size of the intervertebral disc and receptor endings?

A

the larger the disc, the greater the variety of receptor endings

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26
Q

What part of the intervertebral disc is innervated by the recurrent meningeal/sinu-vertebral/sinus vertebral nerve?

A

the outer lamellae of the annulus fibrosus at the posterior part of the intervertebral disc

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27
Q

What forms the anterior neural plexus of the vertebral column?

A

fibers from the ventral primary ramus

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28
Q

What forms the lateral neural plexus of the vertebral column?

A

ventral primary ramus
white ramus communicans
paradiscal ramus communicans
gray ramus communicans

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29
Q

What is the name given to the white ramus communicans which becomes embedded within the annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disc?

A

paradiscal ramus communicans

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30
Q

What part of the intervertebral disc is innervated by fibers from the paradiscal ramus communicans?

A

outer lamellae of the annulus fibrosus at the lateral part of the intervertebral disc

31
Q

What is the maximum number of common ligaments identified with a vertebral couple?

A

eight

32
Q

How does the intervertebral disc attach to the vertebral body?

A

Sharpey’s fibers from the outer lamellae of the annulus fibrosus are firmly embedded into the epiphyseal rims of the adjacent vertebral bodies

33
Q

Based on histology, what is the classification of the intervertebral disc?

A

a cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis

34
Q

What are the divisions of the embryonic somite?

A

the sclerotome, myotome, and dermatome

35
Q

What structure is formed following migration of sclerotomes to surround the notochord?

A

the perichordal blastema

36
Q

What is formed within the perichordal blastema between the sclerotomites?

A

the intrasclerotomal fissure or fissure of von Ebner

37
Q

What does the intrasclerotomal fissure or fissure of von Ebner become?

A

the perichordal disc

38
Q

What will the dense sclerotomite become?

A

the upper part of the vertebral segment forming below

39
Q

What structure forms following migration and subsequent mixing of the sclerotomites?

A

the vertebral blastema

40
Q

What structure forms following migration and subsequent mixing of sclerotomites?

A

the vertebral blastema

41
Q

What part of the intervertebral disc will the notochord form?

A

the nucleus pulposus

42
Q

What part of the intervertebral disc will the perichordal disc form?

A

the annulus fibrosus

43
Q

What is the earliest indicator of the position of the adult intervertebral disc?

A

the intrasclerotomal fissure or fissure of von Ebner

44
Q

What vertebral levels will the anterior longitudinal ligament attach to?

A

those between occiput and S3 inclusive are traditionally indicated

45
Q

What is the lowest extent of the anterior longitudinal ligament based on recent studies?

A

L3

46
Q

What is believed to form the anterior longitudinal ligament in the lumbar spine?

A

the tendon of the cura of the diaphragm

47
Q

What innervates the anterior longitudinal ligament?

A

the anterior neural plexus formed by fibers from the ventral primary ramus and sympathetic postganglionic fibers from the paravertebral ganglia

48
Q

What is the function of the anterior longitudinal ligament?

A

it brakes or limits dorsi-flexion or hyperextension of the vertebral column

49
Q

What is ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament in the lumbar region now identified as?

A

Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis or DISH

50
Q

Newer research suggests what regional variation in the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

prominent in the cervicals, occasional in the thoracics, rare in lumbars

51
Q

What is the relationship of the posterior longitudinal ligament to the vertebral foramen?

A

it forms the anterior boundary of the spinal canal?

52
Q

What is the appearance of the posterior longitudinal ligament in the lumbar spine?

A

it is hourglass shaped along its lateral margins

53
Q

What is the innermost layer of the posterior longitudinal ligament called?

A

the perivertebral ligament

54
Q

What is the function of the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

it brakes or limits flexion of the vertebral column

55
Q

Where is ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament most commonly identified?

A

the cervical spine with an 80% incidence

56
Q

What is the clinical sign of posterior longitudinal ligament ossification of the cervical spine?

A

a loss of hand and finger dexterity

57
Q

What is the clinical sign of posterior longitudinal ligament ossification in the lumbar spine?

A

faltering gait

58
Q

What is the gender, age, and ethnic bias associated with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

it is greater in males over 50 and has a higher incidence in the Japanese

59
Q

What is the name given to the ligamentum flavum based on appearance and histology?

A

it is a yellow elastic ligament

60
Q

What fibers are most ligaments made up of?

A

collagen type I fibers which are whitish in appearance

61
Q

Where is ossification of the ligamentum flavum most commonly identified?

A

the thoracic spine or thoracolumbar transition zone

62
Q

What is the relationship between the capsular ligament and mobility?

A

the more lax/loose the capsular ligament is, the greater the motion of the joint

63
Q

What regions of the vertebral column demonstrate the greatest laxity of capsular ligaments?

A

the cervical and lumbar regions

64
Q

What layers are present in the capsular ligament?

A

a superficial layer of collagen fibers and a deep layer of elastic fibers

65
Q

If the zygapophyseal capsular ligament is not significantly involved in restricting motion what is its’ function?

A

it is probably involved in proprioceptive feedback to the muscles stabilizing the vertebral couple during movement

66
Q

What is now thought to be a major function of the interspinous ligament?

A

it is more likely a proprioceptive transducer for the spinal reflex

67
Q

What is the name given to the superficial layer of the ligamentum nuchae?

A

the funicular layer or part

68
Q

What is the name given to the deep layer of the ligamentum nuchae?

A

the lamellar layer or part

69
Q

What are the attachment sites for the superficial layer of the ligamentum nuchae?

A

the external occipital protuberance, external occipital crest, and spinous tubercle of C7?

70
Q

What is the histological make-up of the human ligamentum nuchae?

A

it is a yellow elastic ligament, but has more collagen fibers than in quadrupeds

71
Q

What is the classic function of the human ligamentum nuchae?

A

it brakes or limits flexion of the cervical spine

72
Q

What is the termination level inferiorly for the supraspinous ligament according to current literature?

A

primarily at L4 (73%); between L4 and L5 (5%)

73
Q

What is now thought to be a major function of the supraspinous ligament?

A

it is a proprioceptive transducer for the spinal reflex

Spinal (15 decks)

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