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Spinal 2 Flashcards

0
Q

What is the classic angulation of typical cervical articular facets?

A

40 to 45 degrees from the coronal plane

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1
Q

What nerve indents the articular pillar of typical cervical vertebrae?

A

the medial branch of the dorsal ramus of a cervical spinal nerve

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2
Q

Recent work suggests what angulation for typical cervical articular facets?

A

55 to 60 degrees

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3
Q

What is the orientation of the typical cervical superior articular facet?

A

backward, upward, medial (BUM)

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4
Q

What is the orientation of the typical cervical inferior articular facet?

A

forward, lateral, downward (FoLD)

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5
Q

What muscles will attach to typical cervical articular processes?

A

the longissimus capitis, longissimus cervicis, semispinalis capitis, semispinalis cervicis, multifidis and rotators

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6
Q

What muscles blend with the capsular ligament of cervical zygapophyses?

A

the semispinalis capitis, multifidis and rotator longus

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7
Q

What is the joint classification for the typical cervical zygapophysis?

A

synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joint

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8
Q

What will influence spinal kinematics?

A

geometry of articular facets, mechanical properties of connective tissue, mechanical properties of muscle

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9
Q

The greatest range of flexion - extension among the typical cervical vertebrae occurs at which vertebral couple?

A

typically C5/C6

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10
Q

What motions are coupled in the cervical spine?

A

lateral bending and axial rotation

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11
Q

Ranges of coupled motion among the typical cervical vertebrae will begin to decrease at what cervical vertebral couple?

A

the C5/C6 vertebral couple

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12
Q

What is the usual condition for the Caucasian typical cervical spinous process?

A

they are bifid

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13
Q

What is the usual condition for the African-American typical cervical spinous process?

A

they are non-bifid

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14
Q

What muscles may attach to the typical cervical spinous process?

A

the spinalis cervicis, semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotators and interspinalis

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15
Q

What is the name of the first cervical vertebra?

A

atlas

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16
Q

What features are lacking at C1?

A

vertebral body, pedicles, a spinous process and the intervertebral disc

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17
Q

What muscle attaches to the anterior arch of C1?

A

longus colli

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18
Q

What ligaments will attach to the anterior arch of C1?

A

the anterior longitudinal, anterior atlanto-occipital and anterior atlanto-axial ligaments

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19
Q

What is observed of the back of the anterior arch of C1?

A

the fovea dentis

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20
Q

What is the morphology of the superior articular facet of C1?

A

they are elliptical, closer together in front and often demonstrate an elevation subdividing the facet surface into two separate surfaces

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21
Q

What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of C1?

A

backward, upward, medial (BUM)

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22
Q

What are the morphological characteristics of the inferior articular facet of C1?

A

asymmetrical, slightly concave or flattened

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23
Q

What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of C1?

A

backward, medial, downward (BMD)

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24
Q

What muscles attach to the lateral mass of C1?

A

levator scapula, splenius cervicis and rectus capitis anterior

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25
Q

What is thought to represent the pedicle at C1?

A

the anterior arch

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26
Q

What is the name of the rounded elevation on the medial aspect of the lateral mass of C1?

A

tubercle for the transverse atlantal ligament

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27
Q

What is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch to the skin in each gender?

A

males: ~ 50mm
females: ~ 37mm

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28
Q

What attaches to the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of C1?

A

rectus capitis posterior minor muscle and ligamentum nuchae

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29
Q

What attaches to the arcuate rim of C1?

A

the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament

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30
Q

Ossification of the free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament results in which atypical bone classification?

A

accessory bone

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31
Q

What is the earliest age of development where ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament was observed?

A

about age 7 years old

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32
Q

What may be formed by ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament?

A

a partial ponticulus posticus or complete ponticulus posticus

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33
Q

What other name may be used to identify a ponticulus posticus?

A

Kimmerle’s anomaly

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34
Q

What names are given to the opening formed by the ponticulus posticus?

A

arcuate foramen or retroarticular cana

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35
Q

Ponticulus posticus has observed in what ethnic populations?

A

all ethnic populations studied thus far

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36
Q

What is the general range of incidence of ponticulus posticus in the populations studied?

A

1%-41%

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37
Q

What is the gender bias now associated with ponticulus posticus?

A

female

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38
Q

What is the location of the “zygapophysis” relative to the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial intervertebral foramina?

A

it forms part of the anterior boundary of the intervertebral foramen in both cases

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39
Q

What are the osseous parts of the transverse process of C1?

A

costal element, posterior tubercle, true transverse process

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40
Q

What osseous parts of the transverse process are absent at C1?

A

anterior tubercle and costotransverse bar

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41
Q

What muscles attach to the transverse process of C1?

A

rectus capitis anterior, rectus capitis lateralis, middle scalene, levator scapula, splenius cervicis, obliques capitis superior, obliquus capitis inferior and intertransversarii muscles

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42
Q

What suboccipital muscles are known to have fascial projections attaching to the spinal dura?

A

rectus capitis posterior minor, rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis inferior

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43
Q

What are the connections between suboccipital muscles and the spinal dura called?

A

myodural bridges

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44
Q

What are the lateral bridges of atlas connected to?

A

the lateral mass and the transverse process of atlantis

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45
Q

What opening is identified when a complete lateral bridge is formed?

A

the retrotransverse foramen

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46
Q

What are the possible contents of the retrotransverse foramen?

A

the vertebral artery, a branch from the suboccipital nerve and veins communicating with the venous sinuses of the neck

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47
Q

Which of the ponticles (bridges) of atlas is only observed in humans?

A

lateral bridges

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48
Q

What is observed in the transverse foramen of C1?

A

vertebral artery, vertebral venous plexus, postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers

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49
Q

What is the gender variation for measurements of the transverse diameter of C1?

A

males : 78mm

females : 72mm

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50
Q

What is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the transverse of the transverse process of C1 to the skin for each gender?

A

a little over 30mm for both males and females

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51
Q

What joint classifciations are observed at C1?

A

fibrous (amphiarthosis) syndesmosis joint, synovial (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal joint, synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joint and synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joint

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52
Q

How many synovial joint surfaces are observed at C1?

A

5

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53
Q

What synovial joint surfaces are observed at C1?

A

two superior articular facets, 2 inferior articular facets and the fovea dentis

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54
Q

What names are given to C2?

A

axis / epistropheus

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55
Q

What unique vertebral body modification is characteristic of C2?

A

dens / odontoid process

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56
Q

How many joint surfaces are present on the odontoid process of C2?

A

5

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57
Q

What joint surfaces are present on the odontoid process of C2?

A

facet for fovea dentis, groove for transverse atlantal ligament, attachment sites for the alar ligaments, attachment site for the apical-dental ligament

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58
Q

Which joint classifications are represented at the odontoid process of C2?

A

fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint and synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joint

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59
Q

What is the name given to the odontoid process when the facet for the fovea dentis lies above the groove for the transverse atlantal ligament and the attachment sites for the apical-dental and alar ligaments appear to be directed posterior?

A

lordotic dens

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60
Q

What is the name given to the odontoid process when the facet for the fovea dentis lies below the groove for the transverse atlantal ligament and the attachment sites for the apical-dental and alar ligaments appear to be directed anterior?

A

kyphotic dens

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61
Q

What joint surfaces are present at the inferior part of the vertebral body of C2?

A

anterior lip, posterior lip, right and left lateral grooves and cancellous bone

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62
Q

How many joints are formed by the inferior part of the vertebral body of C2?

A

5

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63
Q

What joint classifications are present at the inferior part of the vertebral body of C2?

A

fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid), modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) and cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis

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64
Q

What ligament forms the anterior boundary for the spinal canal above C2?

A

membrana tectoria

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65
Q

What ligament forms the anterior boundary for the spinal canal below C2?

A

posterior longitudinal ligament

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66
Q

What lies on the upper surfaces of the pedicle of C2?

A

the superior articular process

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67
Q

What is the location of the superior vertebral notch of C2?

A

on the lamina-pedicle junction

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68
Q

What attaches to the lamina of C2?

A

obliquus capitis inferior muscle, posterior atlanto-axial ligament, ligamentum flavum

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69
Q

What is the appearance of the superior articular facets of C2?

A

they are asymmetrical and slightly convex

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70
Q

What is the facet orientation of the superior articular facet of C2?

A

backward, upward, and lateral (BUL)

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71
Q

What is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of C2?

A

forward, lateral, and down (FoLD)

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72
Q

What is the classification of the zygapophyseal joints of C2?

A

synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joint

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73
Q

What osseous parts of the typical cervical transverse process are present at C2?

A

costal element, posterior tubercle and true transverse process

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74
Q

What is the gender variation for the transverse diameter of C2?

A

males: 57mm
females: 50mm

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75
Q

What muscles attach to the transverse process at C2?

A

levator scapulae, middle scalene, splenius cervicis, longissimus cervicis and intertransversarii

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76
Q

What muscles attach to the spinous process of C2?

A

rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis inferior, spinalis cervicis, semispinalis cervicis, multifidis, rotators and interspinalis muscles

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77
Q

What names may be given to C7?

A

vertebra prominens and vertebral prominence

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78
Q

What is the name given to the topographical elevation observed at the base of the neck?

A

vertebral prominence

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79
Q

What is the name given only to C7?

A

vertebra prominens

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80
Q

What is the percent of men and of women does C7 become the vertebral prominence?

A

men: 86%
women: 79%

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81
Q

What is the segment and gender bias for vertebrae other than C7 becoming the vertebral prominence?

A

C6 is more common in females and T1 is more common in males

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82
Q

How many joint surfaces are present at the vertebral body of C7?

A

8

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83
Q

What muscle attaches to the vertebral body of C7?

A

longus colli muscle

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84
Q

What are the osseous parts of the transverse process of C7?

A

costal element, anterior tubercle, costotransverse bar, posterior tubercle, true transverse process

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85
Q

What muscles attach to the transverse process of C7?

A

middle scalene, iliocostalis thoracis, longissimus cervicis, semispinalis capitis, rotators, intertransversarii and levator costarum brevis

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86
Q

What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of C7?

A

backward, upward, medial (BUM)

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87
Q

What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of C7?

A

forward, medial, downward (ForMeD)

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88
Q

What muscles attach to the spinous process of C7?

A

trapezius, rhomboid minor, serratus posterior superior, splenius capitis, spinalis capitis, spinalis cervicis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotators and interspinalis

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89
Q

What ligaments attach to the spinous process of C7?

A

ligamentum nuchae and interspinous ligaments

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90
Q

The vertebral artery on which side is typically larger?

A

left vertebral artery

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91
Q

What is the gender bias regarding size of the vertebral artery?

A

men have larger vertebral arteries than women

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92
Q

What was the name of the physical exam used to determine vertebral artery patency?

A

the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency test

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93
Q

Which side artery was tested during the course of the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency exam?

A

the ipsilateral artery on the side of rotation

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94
Q

What are the symptoms of failure of the vertebral artery to compensate during the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency exam?

A

dizziness, vertigo, nausea are common complaints

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95
Q

The vertebral artery is typically a branch of which artery?

A

subclavian artery

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96
Q

At what location will the vertebral artery form its first compensatory loop?

A

the atlanto-axial interspace

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97
Q

At what location will the vertebral artery form its second compensatory loop?

A

atlanto-occipital interspace

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98
Q

What is the purpose of the vertebral artery loops between C2, C1, and occiput?

A

the increased length will accommodate the greater rotation at these locations

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99
Q

What artery is formed by the union of the right and left vertebral arteries?

A

basilar artery

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100
Q

What forms the anterior boundary for C2 nerve exit from the spinal canal?

A

inferior articular process of C1, superior articular process of C2, capsular ligament

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101
Q

What forms the posterior boundary for the C2 nerve exit from the spinal canal?

A

the posterior arch of C1, lamina of C2 and posterior atlanto-axial ligament

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102
Q

What forms the anterior boundary for the C3-C7 nerve exit from the spinal canal?

A

the vertebral bodies, intervertebral disc, posterior longitudinal ligament, uncinate process, lateral groove

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103
Q

What are the superior articular facet orientations for the cervical vertebrae?

A

C1 is backward, upward, medial (BUM)
C2 is backward, upward, lateral (BUL)
C3-C7 is backward, upward, medial (BUM)

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104
Q

What are the inferior articular facet orientations for the cervical vertebrae?

A

C1 is backward, downward, medial (BMD)
C2-C6 is forward, downward, lateral (FoLD)
C7 is forward, downward, medial (ForMeD)

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105
Q

How many synovial joints are identified for each cervical vertebra?

A 
C1 = 5
C2 = 8
C3-6 = 8
C7 = 6
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106
Q

How many joints are identified at the vertebral body of each cervical vertebra?

A 
C1 = none
C2 = 10
C3-6 = 10
C7 = 8
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107
Q

What features will allow discrimination between T2-T4 and T5-T8 segmental groups?

A

the vertebral body, transverse process, articular process and spinous process

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108
Q

What is the outline of the vertebral body of a typical thoracic from superior view?

A

triangular

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109
Q

On cranial view, what is the outline of the vertebral body for the T5-T8 group?

A

the left side of the vertebral body will be flattened, the right side convex

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110
Q

What is the name given to the left side appearance of the vertebral body of T5-T8?

A

the aortic impression

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111
Q

What part of the vertebral body is most influenced by the aorta at T5-T8?

A

the left side superior and inferior epiphyseal rims

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112
Q

What is the height pattern of the typical thoracic vertebral body?

A

the posterior height is greater then the anterior height by 1 to 2 mm

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113
Q

What is the height pattern of intervertebral discs in the typical thoracic region?

A

the intervertebral discs are rather planar or flat with no apparent height difference between anterior and posterior heights

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114
Q

What is the height principal cause of the posterior curve of the thoracic spine?

A

the vertebral body height differences

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115
Q

What is another way of naming a posterior curve pattern?

A

a kyphotic curve

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116
Q

What joint classifications are identified at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?

A

fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis and synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)

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117
Q

How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?

A

4

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118
Q

How many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?

A

2

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119
Q

How many syndesmosis joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?

A

typically 4 are identified (as many as 8 is the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)

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120
Q

How many joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?

A

typically 10 (14 is the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)

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121
Q

What is the name given to the joint formed between the vertebral body and rib?

A

costocentral joint

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122
Q

How many costocentral joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?

A

4

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123
Q

Which of the demi-facets on the vertebral body of a typical thoracic is larger?

A

the superior costal demi-facet

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124
Q

What feature will provide assistance in maintaining the stability of the intervertebral foramen in the typical thoracics?

A

the costocentral joint or ribs

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125
Q

What ligaments support the costocentral joint?

A

the costocentral stellate/ radiate ligament and the costocentral interarticular or intra-articular ligament

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126
Q

What does the costocentral intra-articular or interarticular ligament connect to?

A

the interarticular or intra-articular crest of the head of the rib and the intervertebral disc

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127
Q

What is the size relationship between the articulating surface of the head of the rib and the costal demi-facet surface?

A

the rib surface is greater than the costal demi-facet surface

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128
Q

Which muscle(s) is attached to the vertebral body of T2 or T3

A

the longus colli

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129
Q

What is the position and direction of the pedicle from the typical thoracic vertebral body?

A

the pedicle arises from the upper third of the vertebral body and projects posterior and slightly laterally

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130
Q

What is the angulation of the pedicle in the typical thoracic region?

A

10 to 15 degrees posteriolateral from the sagittal plane

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131
Q

Which X-ray view is used to see into the intervertebral foramen of a typical thoracic?

A

the lateral view

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132
Q

What is overlap of the lamina called in the typical thoracic region?

A

shingling

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133
Q

What is the outline of the vertebral foramen in the typical thoracic region?

A

oval to circular

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134
Q

In which plane will the size of the vertebral foramen of a typical thoracic be greatest?

A

the transverse plane, the vertebral transverse diameter

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135
Q

What are the osseous parts of the costotransverse joint?

A

the transverse costal facet and the articular surface of the tubercle of a rib

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136
Q

What ligaments support the costotransverse joint of a typical thoracic?

A

the superior costotransverse, inferior costotransverse, and lateral costotransverse ligaments

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137
Q

Which muscles may attach to the transverse process of a typical thoracic?

A

longissimus thoracis, longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitis, semispinalis thoracic, semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis capitis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, intertransversarii, levator costarum longus and levator costarum brevis

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138
Q

How can you distinguish between a T2-T4 from T5-T8 segment using the articular process?

A
  • at T2-T4 the width between the superior articular processes is greater than the width between the inferior articular processes of that vertebra
  • at T5-T8 with width between the superior articular processes is equal to or the same as the width between the inferior articular process of that vertebra
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139
Q

What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of a typical thoracic?

A

they face backward, upward, and lateral (BUL)

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140
Q

What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of a typical thoracic?

A

they face forward, downward, and medial (ForMeD)

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141
Q

How many synovial joints surfaces for ribs are present on a typical thoracic?

A

6

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142
Q

Identify the synovial joint surfaces for ribs that are present on a typical thoracic?

A

2 superior costal demi-facets, 2 inferior costal demi-facets, 2 transverse costal facets

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143
Q

What is the name given to the overlap of spinous processes in the thoracic region?

A

imbrication

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144
Q

Imbrication will be more pronounced for what region of the thoracics?

A

T5-T8

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145
Q

Which thoracic has the longest spinous process?

A

T8

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146
Q

What is the angulation of the spinous process in the typical thoracic region?

A
  • undersurface of T2-T4 spinous processes will angle up to 40degrees from the horizontal plane
  • undersurface of T5-T8 spinous processes will angle up to 60degrees from the horizontal plane
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147
Q

Which muscles may attach to the spinous process of a typical thoracic?

A

trapezius, latissimus dorsi, rhomboid major, serratus posterior superior, splenius cervicis, splenius capitis, spinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis

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148
Q

How many joints are formed ar the vertebral body of T1?

A

typically 10 (14 if the rib ligaments are included)

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149
Q

The costocentral stellate/radiate ligament will attach to which segment(s) at the C8 spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?

A

the vertebral body of C7 and the vertebral body of T1

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150
Q

The costocentral stellate/radiate ligament will attach to which segment(s) at the T1 spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?

A

the vertebral body of T1 and the vertebral body of T2

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151
Q

What are the osseous parts of the costotransverse joint?

A

the transverse costal facet and the articular surface of the tubercle of a rib

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152
Q

What ligaments support the costotransverse joint of T1?

A

the inferior costotransverse and lateral costotransverse ligaments

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153
Q

What ligament is absent at the costotransverse joint of T1?

A

the superior costotransverse ligament

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154
Q

The superior costotransverse ligament of the transverse process of T1 will attach to which rib?

A

the 2nd rib

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155
Q

What muscles attach to the transverse process of T1?

A

longissimus thoracis, longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitis, semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis capitis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, intertransversarii, levator costarum brevis

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156
Q

How many synovial joints are present at T1?

A

10

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157
Q

What muscles attach to the spinous process of T1?

A

trapezius, rhomboid minor, serratus posterior superior, splenius capitis, spinalis thoracis, spinalis cervicis, spinalis capitis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, interspinalis

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158
Q

Which muscles attach to the transverse process of T9?

A

longissimus thoracis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, intertransversarii, levator costarum longus and levator costarum brevis

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159
Q

How many synovial joints are typically present at T9?

A

10

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160
Q

How many synovial joint surfaces for ribs are typically present on T9?

A

6

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161
Q

What muscles attach to the spinous process of T9?

A

trapezius, latissimus dorsi, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis

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162
Q

How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of T10?

A

2

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163
Q

How many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of T10?

A

2

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164
Q

How many syndesmosis joints are formed at the vertebral body of T10?

A

typically 4 are identified ( as many as 8 if the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)

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165
Q

Which synovial joint surface is absent from the vertebral body of T10?

A

inferior costal demi-facets

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166
Q

Para-articular processes are more commonly observed on which segment of the spine?

A

T10

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167
Q

The superior costotransverse ligament of the T10 transverse process will attach to which rib?

A

11th rib

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168
Q

What muscles attach to the transverse process of T10?

A

longissimus thoracis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus and rotator brevis, intertransversarii, levator costarum longus and levator costarum brevis

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169
Q

How many synovial joints are typically present at T10?

A

8

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170
Q

How many synovial joint surfaces for ribs are typically present on T10?

A

4

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171
Q

A dimpling or depression of the skin in the thoracic region is often characteristic of the location of which segment?

A

T10

172
Q

What muscles attach to the spinous process of T10?

A

trapezius, latissimus dorsi, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis

173
Q

What joint classifications are present at T10?

A

fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis and synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)

174
Q

How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of T11?

A

2

175
Q

How many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of T11?

A

2

176
Q

How many syndesmosis joints are typically formed at the vertebral body of T11?

A

4 are typically identified (as many as 8 if the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)

177
Q

How many joints are typically formed at the vertebral body of T11?

A

typically 8 (12 is the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)

178
Q

Which ligament of the costocentral joint is absent for the 11th rib?

A

the costocentral interarticular or intra-articular ligament

179
Q

Which vertebra is the last segment to demonstrate a transverse costal facet?

A

T10

180
Q

What ligaments form the costotransverse joint of T11?

A

the superior costotransverse, and slightly developed inferior costotransverse and lateral costotransverse ligaments

181
Q

Which costotransverse joint will the superior costotransverse ligament at the transverse process of T11 support?

A

12th rib costotransverse joint

182
Q

Which costotransverse ligament(s) are absent at T11?

A

capsular costotransverse ligament

183
Q

Which joint classification is associated with the intertransverse, superior costotransverse, interior costotransverse, and lateral costotransverse ligaments?

A

fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis

184
Q

what muscles attach to the transverse process of T11?

A

longissimus thoracis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, and rotator brevis, intertransversarii and levator costarum brevis

185
Q

Which levator costarum muscle is absent at T11?

A

levator costarum longus

186
Q

Which segment will be the last to demonstrate an attachment for the levator costarum longus?

A

T10

187
Q

What is the orientation of the superior articular facets of T11?

A

they face backward, upward, and lateral (BUL)

188
Q

What is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of T11?

A

the face forward, downward, and medial (ForMeD)

189
Q

How many synovial joints are typically present at T11?

A

6

190
Q

What muscles attach to the spinous process of T11?

A

trapezius, latissimus dorsi, serratus posterior inferior, iliocostalis lumborum, spinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, and interspinalis

191
Q

Which muscles of the 5 layers of the true back are present at the spinous process of T11?

A

the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, serratus posterior inferior, iliocostalis lumborum, spinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis

192
Q

How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of T12?

A

2

193
Q

How many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of T12?

A

2

194
Q

How many joints are typically formed at the vertebral body of T12?

A

typically 8 (10 if costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)

195
Q

Which muscle(s) is attached to the vertebral body of T12?

A

psoas major and poasas minor

196
Q

What does the lateral tubercle of T12 represent?

A

the transverse process

197
Q

What does the superior tubercle of T12 represent?

A

the mammillary process of lumbar vertebrae

198
Q

What does the inferior tubercle of T12 represent?

A

the accessory process of lumbar vertebrae

199
Q

Which is the smallest of the tubercles at the transverse process region of T12?

A

inferior tubercle

200
Q

What joint surface of the typical thoracic transverse process is absent on T12?

A

transverse costal facet

201
Q

What ligaments form the costotransverse joint of the twelfth rib?

A

superior costotransverse ligament from the T11 and the lumbocostal ligament from l1

202
Q

Which costotransverse ligament(s) are attached at T12?

A

none; the capsular, superior, inferior, and lateral costotransverse ligaments lack an attachment to T12

203
Q

What muscles attach to the transverse process region of T12?

A

longissimus thoracis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and intertransversarii

204
Q

Which segment is the last to demostrate a levator costarum brevis attachment?

A

T11

205
Q

Which segment is the last to demonstrate a levator costarum longus attachment?

A

T10

206
Q

What is the orientation of the superior articular facets of T12?

A

face backward, upward, and lateral (BUL)

207
Q

What muscles attach to the spinous process of T12?

A

trapezius, latissimus dorsi, serratus posterior inferior, iliocostalis lumborum, spinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis

208
Q

Which muscle(s) attach to the vertebral body of thoracic vertebrae?

A

longus colli, psoas major, and psoas minor

209
Q

Which thoracic segments will have muscles attaching to their vertebral bodies?

A

T1-T3, T12

210
Q

Rhomboid major and rhomboid minor will attch to the spinous of which thoracic(s)?

A

T1 only

211
Q

Which muscle(s) attach to the vertebral body of thoracic vertebrae?

A

longus colli, psoas major, and psoas minor

212
Q

Which thoracic segments will have muscles attaching to their vertebral bodies?

A

T1-T3, T12

213
Q

Rhomboid major and rhomboid minor will attach to the spinous process of which thoracic(s).

A

T1 only

214
Q

What is the generic size of the typical lumbar vertebral body from the cranial view?

A

reniform or kidney-shaped

215
Q

What accounts for the direction of the lumbar curve?

A

the vertebral body and intervertebral disc have a greater anterior height than posterior height

216
Q

How many joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical lumbar?

A

6

217
Q

How many synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical lumbar?

A

0

218
Q

How many cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis joint surfaces are on a typical lumbar vertebral body?

A

2

219
Q

How many fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint surfaces are on a typical lumbar vertebral body?

A

4

220
Q

What muscles may attach to the 1st lumbar vertebral body?

A

psoas major and psoas minor

221
Q

What muscle(s) may attach from the second down to the 4th lumbar vertebral body?

A

psoas major

222
Q

Psoas minor will only attach to the vertebral body of which segments?

A

T12, L1

223
Q

What is the name given to ligaments that attach the vertebral body to articular process?

A

transforaminal ligaments

224
Q

What ligaments attach the vertebral body to the transverse process?

A

corporotransverse ligaments

225
Q

Hofmann ligaments are identified in which regions along the vertebral column?

A

cervical - upper thoracic region and lumbar region

226
Q

Cervical - upper thoracic Hofmann ligaments will attach what structures together?

A

dura mater to segments above

227
Q

What is the highest level known to demonstrate Hofmann ligaments?

A

C6

228
Q

What is the proposed function of the cervical - upper thoracic Hofmann ligaments?

A

resist caudal movement of the dural sac; resist gravitational forces on the dura and cord

229
Q

Lumbar Hofmann ligaments will attach what structures together?

A

dura mater to lower segmental levels

230
Q

What is the proposed function of the lumbar Hofmann ligaments?

A

resist cranial movement of the dural sac during flexion

231
Q

What osseous conditions of lumbar vertebrae facilitate a spinal tap in this region?

A

overlap of the laminae, shingling, diminishes; overlap of spinous processes, imbrication, diminishes

232
Q

What is the name of the elevation near the origin of the lumbar transverse process?

A

accessory process

233
Q

A styloid process occurs with what frequency and as a result of what condition?

A

7% occurrence as a result of congenital elongation of the lumbar accessory process

234
Q

What muscle(s) attach to the lumbar accessory process?

A

longissimus thoracis and intertransversarii

235
Q

What muscles may attach to the transverse process of a typical lumbar vertebra?

A

psoas major, quadratus lumborum, longissimus thorasis, rotator brevis, rotator longus and intertransversarii

236
Q

What muscles will attach to lumbar superior articular processes?

A

multifidis and intertransversarii

237
Q

What ligament will attach to the lumbar superior articular process and transverse process?

A

mammillo-accessory ligament

238
Q

What was believed to be entrapped by the mammillo-accessory ligament?

A

the medial branch of the dorsal ramus of a lumbar spinal nerve?

239
Q

What is the joint classification for the typical lumbar zygapophysis?

A

synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)

240
Q

How many synovial joints are present on a typical lumbar vertebra?

A

4

241
Q

What is the position of the lumbar zygapophysis in children?

A

zygapophysis lies in the coronal plane

242
Q

What is the position of the lumbar zygapophysis in adults?

A

zygapophysis lies in the sagittal plane for L1/L2, L2/L3 and L3/L4
zygapophysis lies in the coronal plane for L4/L5 and L5/S1

243
Q

What name is given to zygapophysis between vertebral couples that lie in the same plane?

A

joint symmetry

244
Q

What names are given to the condition in which one zygapophysis of a vertebral couple lies in the coronal plane or position and the other zygapophysis lies in the sagittal plane or position?

A

joint asymmetry or joint tropism

245
Q

What is the name(s) of the condition in which the typical lumbar spinous process increases in length due to the aging process?

A

Baastrup’s syndrome or “kissing spines”

246
Q

What muscles will attach to the typical lumbar spinous process?

A

latissimus dorsi, serratus posterior inferior, iliocostalis lumborum, longissimus thoracis, spinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis

247
Q

What is the appearance of the fifth lumbar vertebral body from the lateral view?

A

anterior height is greater than posterior height by several millimeters; it appears to form a wedge on a lateral X-ray view

248
Q

How many joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of the 5th lumbar?

A

6

249
Q

How many synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of the 5th lumbar?

A

none

250
Q

How many cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of L5?

A

2

251
Q

How many fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of L5?

A

4

252
Q

What muscle(s) attach to the 5th lumbar vertebral body?

A

psoas major

253
Q

What is the orientation of the 5th lumbar superior articular facet?

A

backward, upward, medial (BUM); typically concave

254
Q

What is the orientation of the 5th lumbar inferior articular facet?

A

forward, lateral, downward (FoLD); significant convexity

255
Q

What is the name given to the congenital condition in which the 5th lumbar spinous process is elongated, the sacrum exhibits spina bifida, and dorsiflexion produces pain?

A

Knife Clasp Syndrome

256
Q

What muscle groups constitute the erector spinae?

A

iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis

257
Q

How many synovial joints are maximally observed at each lumbar vertebra?

A

L1-L5 = 4 each

258
Q

How many joints are traditionally observed at each lumbar vertebral body?

A

L1-L5 = 6 each

259
Q

What is the inferior articular facet orientation at each lumbar vertebra?

A

L1-L5 = forward, downward, lateral (FoLD)

260
Q

What part of the sacral ala is derived from the costal element?

A

anterior 2/3

261
Q

What part of the sacral ala is derived from the true transverse process?

A

posterior 3rd

262
Q

How many fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint surfaces are present on the S1 vertebral body?

A

4

263
Q

How many joint surfaces are present are present on the vertebral body of the 1st sacral segment?

A

5

264
Q

How many cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis joint surfaces are present on the S1 vertebral body?

A

1

265
Q

How many fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint surfaces are present on the S1 vertebral body?

A

4

266
Q

what muscle(s) may attach to the 1st sacral vertebral body?

A

psoas major

267
Q

What is the position of the sacral zygapophysis in adults?

A

zygapophysis lies in the coronal plane for L5/S1

268
Q

What is the orientation of the 1st sacral superior articular facet?

A

backward, upward, medial (BUM); typically concave

269
Q

What is the name given to the projection on the 1st sacral superior articular process?

A

mammillary process

270
Q

What muscles will attach to the sacral mammillary processes?

A

multifidis

271
Q

What is the usual condition for the 1st sacral spinous process?

A

it is non-bifid and short

272
Q

An imaginary line drawn along the dorsal midline of sacrum is identified as the ___.

A

median sacral crest

273
Q

What is the name given to the congenital condition in which the 5th lumbar spinous process is elongated, the sacrum exhibits spina bifida, and dorsiflexion produces pain?

A

Knife Clasp Syndrome

274
Q

An imaginary line drawn from the superior articular process of S1 to the sacral cornu will form what feature?

A

intermediate sacral crest

275
Q

What feature may be identified along the intermediate sacral crest?

A

the mammillary process of S1 and the sacral cornu of S5

276
Q

What does the sacral cornu represent?

A

inferior articular process and facet of S5

277
Q

What is the name of the inferior opening of the sacral spinal canal?

A

sacral hiatus

278
Q

An imaginary line drawn from the transverse process of S1 to the inferior lateral sacral angle will form what feature?

A

lateral sacral crest

279
Q

What is the sacral tuberosity?

A

enlarged transverse tubercle of S2

280
Q

What is the name of the joint formed by the sacral tuberosity?

A

accessory sacro-iliac joint

281
Q

What feature is identified on the lateral surface of S1-S3?

A

auricular surface

282
Q

What feature does the anterior surface of the superior epiphyseal rin of S1 form?

A

sacral promontory

283
Q

What feature is identified on the lateral surface of S1-S3?

A

auricular surface

284
Q

The continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament below S3 forms what ligament?

A

the deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

285
Q

What forms the posterior boundary for the 5th sacral spinal nerve intervertebral forament?

A

sacral cornu, coccygeal cornu, superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament and intercornual ligament

286
Q

What forms the anterior boundary for the 5th sacral spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?

A

vertebral body S5, vertebral body Co1, deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament and intervertebral disc

287
Q

What is the homolog for the inferior articular process and facet at S5?

A

sacral cornu

288
Q

What is the homolog for the superior articular process and facet at Co1?

A

coccygeal cornu

289
Q

What forms the inferior boundary for the spinal canal?

A

the union of the superficial posterior and deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligaments

290
Q

What ligament divides the sciatic foramen into the greater and lesser sciatic foramina?

A

sacrospinous ligament

291
Q

Which ligament has a broad attachment along the lateral margin of sacrum and coccyx and then attaches to the ischial tuberosity?

A

sacrotuberous ligament

292
Q

Which ligament is the strongest of the sacro-iliac ligaments and is penetrated by dorsal rami of the sacral spinal nerves?

A

interosseous sacro-iliac ligament

293
Q

What is the homolog for the capsular ligament at S5?

A

intercornual ligament

294
Q

What is the number of coccygeal somites?

A

10

295
Q

What is the typical number of segments that unite to form the adult coccyx?

A

4 segments

296
Q

When is ossification of coccyx completed?

A

about age 30

297
Q

What is the direction of fusion of coccygeal segments?

A

from caudal to cranial, the last segments to fuse together are Co1 and Co2

298
Q

What is the direction of the coccygeal curve?

A

posterior (kyphotic)

299
Q

What is the major motion and range of motion for coccyx?

A

flexion - extension, 5-20 degrees

300
Q

How many coccygeal nerves are present in the fetus?

A

typically 5 pairs of coccygeal nerves are present

301
Q

What forms the coccygeal nerve plexus?

A

S4, S5 and Co1 nerves

302
Q

What is the ganglion impar?

A

a midline sympathetic ganglion

303
Q

What is the ganglion impar?

A

a midline sympathetic ganglion

304
Q

What is the coccygeal glomus or coccygeal body?

A

an enlarged encapsulated arteriovenous anastomosis located near the last segment of coccyx

305
Q

Superior articular facets of which vertebrae will be oriented backward, upward, and medial?

A

C1, C3-C7, L1-L5, S1

306
Q

Superior articular facets of which segments will be oriented backward, upward, and lateral?

A

C2, T1-T12

307
Q

Inferior articular facets of which segments will be oriented backward, medial, and downward?

A

C1

308
Q

Inferior articular facets of which segments will be oriented forward, lateral, and downward?

A

C2-C6, T12, L1-L5

309
Q

Inferior articular facets of which segments will be oriented forward, medial, and downward?

A

C7, T1-T11

310
Q

Which segment has the only inferior articular facet to face backward?

A

C1

311
Q

What is the definition of spondylosis?

A

a vertebral condition

312
Q

What is the definition of spondylolysis?

A

a vertebral separation or vertebral cleavage

313
Q

What is the definition of spondylolisthesis?

A

a vertebral slippage

314
Q

What is the location of spondylolysis that will be stressed in Spinal II?

A

a separation along the pars interarticularis (defect in the pars interarticularis or pars defect)

315
Q

What is the incidence of spondylolysis in the general population?

A

range of 2.6% to 10%

316
Q

What is the geographic or ethnic bias for a higher incidence of spondylolysis?

A

the native Alaskan (Inuit) population

317
Q

What does lumbar spondylolysis appear to be related to?

A

uniquely human upright stance or erect posture

318
Q

Lumbar spondylolysis is associated with what characteristics?

A

familial association, spina bifida occulta, racial/ethnic disparities, gender and locational bias, youthful incidence and activities requiring repetitive stress on the spine

319
Q

What is the age range typically associated with lumbar spondylolysis?

A

10-20 yr olds

320
Q

What activities are particularly stressful at the pars interarticularis of lumbar vertebrae?

A

gymnastics, dance, soccer

321
Q

What fills the space in a lumbar spondylolysis?

A

fibrocartilagenous material

322
Q

What name has been given to the material filling the space in a lumbar spondylolysis?

A

spondylolysis ligament

323
Q

What types of neural function(s) have been associated with the spondylolysis ligament?

A

nociception, neuromodulation and autonomic function

324
Q

What is the appearance of the lumbar vertebra upon oblique x-ray view?

A

a Scotty dog

325
Q

What is the appearance of a spondylolysis in a lumbar vertebrae upon oblique x-ray view?

A

a collared Scotty dog

326
Q

In an oblique x-ray, spodylolysis below the superior articular process of a lumbar pars interarticularis is associated with what part of the Scotty dog?

A

the neck of the Scotty dog

327
Q

What part of a lumbar vertebra forms the ear of a Scotty dog?

A

the pedicle

328
Q

What part of a lumbar vertebra forms the ear of a Scotty dog?

A

the superior articular process

329
Q

What part of a lumbar vertebrae forms the nose of a Scotty dog?

A

the transverse process

330
Q

What characteristic are associated with cervical spondylolysis?

A

rare, congenital, gender biased toward men, most common at C6 and linked to spondylolisthesis and spina bifida

331
Q

What characteristics are associated with sacral spondylolysis?

A

rare in general population, within typical percents in the native Alaskan (Inuit) population, seems to be acquired, gender biased toward men, most common at S1 and linked to activities such as kayaking and harpooning

332
Q

Identify all names given to type I spondylolisthesis?

A

dysplastic spondylolisthesis, congenital spondylolisthesis

333
Q

What is the locational bias of type I spondylolisthesis?

A

L5 or upper sacral segments

334
Q

What additional conditions are linked to type I spondylolisthesis?

A

spina bifida occulta and nerve root compression of the S1 nerve

335
Q

What gender bias, locational bias, and spinal canal demensions are associated with type II spondylolisthesis?

A

isthmis spondylolisthesis is common in men, located at the L5/S1 level and demonstrates an increase in sagittal diameter of the spinal canal

336
Q

What is the gender bias, locational bias, and spinal canal dimension changes often associated with type III spondylolisthesis?

A

degenerative spondylolisthesis is more common in women, particularly at L4/L5, and demonstrates no change in sagittal diameter of the spinal canal

337
Q

What causes type IV spondylolisthesis?

A

fracture of the neural arch components

338
Q

What are the cause(s) associated with type V spondylolisthesis?

A

bone diseases such as Paget disease or osteogenesis imperfecta

339
Q

What determines the length of the intervertebral foramen?

A

the width of the pedicle

340
Q

What is the average height of the intervertebral foramen?

A

about 13 mm

341
Q

What percent of total vertebral column length does “true” intervertebral foramina height from C2-S1 equal?

A

40%

342
Q

What percent of total vertebral column length does all intervertebral foramina height from occiput - Co1 equal?

A

53%

343
Q

What are the generic contents of the intervertebral foramen?

A

neural tissue, connective tissue, vascular tissue, lymphatic tissue

344
Q

What is the percent of neural tissue in the intervertebral foramen?

A

from 8 - 50%

345
Q

What are medullary feeder arteries?

A

enlarged radicular arteries which join the arterial vasa corona to provide blood for the spinal cord

346
Q

What is the name of the largest medullary feeder artery?

A

the artery of Adamkiewicz or the arteria radicalis magna anterior

347
Q

What are the characteristics of the Artery of Adamkiewicz?

A

it is a left side, anterior medullary feeder artery, located in the t9/T10

348
Q

What is the name of the largest medullary feeder artery?

A

the artery of Adamkiewicz or the arteria radicalis magna anterior

349
Q

What are the characteristics of the Artery of Adamkiewicz?

A

it is a left side, anterior medullary feeder artery, located in the T9/T10 intervertebral foramen, and the primary vascular supply to the lumbar enlargement

350
Q

What ligament lies next to the anterior internal vertebral venous plexus?

A

the posterior lingitudinal ligament

351
Q

What is a unique histological feature of the veins of the vertebral column?

A

they appear to lack valves

352
Q

What size lymphatic vessels lie in the intervertebral foramen?

A

medium sized lymphatics

353
Q

What type(s) of connective tissue will be present in the intervertebral foramen?

A

adipose tissue and loose areolar connective tissue

354
Q

What parts of the cervical vertebra will modify the intervertebral foramen?

A

the lateral groove and uncinate process

355
Q

What happens to cervical nerve roots between their origin from the spinal cord and exit from the intervertebral foramen?

A

they descend along the spinal cord

356
Q

What is the relationship between aging and cervical spine nerve root characteristics?

A

the length of the nerve root increases as it descends from its apparent origin on the spinal cord, but the cross-sectional area of the nerve root decreases

357
Q

What is the relationship between aging and cervical spine intervertebral foramen size?

A

the cross-sectional area diminishes after age 50

358
Q

What are the spicific attachment sites for a cervical spinal nerve?

A

the sulcus for the ventral primary ramus on the costotransverse bar & the vertebral artery

359
Q

What contributes to the anterior boundary of the thoracic intervertebral foramen?

A

the costocentral joint

360
Q

Which are the largest spinal nerves?

A

L5 and S1 spinal nerves

361
Q

What increases the length of the intervertebral foramen at L5?

A

the lumbosacral tunnel

362
Q

What forms the lumbosacral tunnel?

A

the lumbosacral ligament, transverse process of L5 and sacral ala

363
Q

What condition is the result of enchroachment on the L5 spinal nerve?

A

the far out syndrome

364
Q

What is the name of the largest medullary feeder artery?

A

the artery of Adamkiewicz or the arteria radicalis magna anterior

365
Q

What are the characteristics of the Artery of Adamkiewicz?

A

it is a left side, anterior medullary feeder artery, located in the T9/T10 intervertebral foramen, and the primary vascular supply to the lumbar enlargement

366
Q

What ligament lies next to the anterior internal vertebral venous plexus?

A

the posterior lingitudinal ligament

367
Q

What is a unique histological feature of the veins of the vertebral column?

A

they appear to lack valves

368
Q

What size lymphatic vessels lie in the intervertebral foramen?

A

medium sized lymphatics

369
Q

What type(s) of connective tissue will be present in the intervertebral foramen?

A

adipose tissue and loose areolar connective tissue

370
Q

What parts of the cervical vertebra will modify the intervertebral foramen?

A

the lateral groove and uncinate process

371
Q

What happens to cervical nerve roots between their origin from the spinal cord and exit from the intervertebral foramen?

A

they descend along the spinal cord

372
Q

What is the relationship between aging and cervical spine nerve root characteristics?

A

the length of the nerve root increases as it descends from its apparent origin on the spinal cord, but the cross-sectional area of the nerve root decreases

373
Q

What is the relationship between aging and cervical spine intervertebral foramen size?

A

the cross-sectional area diminishes after age 50

374
Q

What are the spicific attachment sites for a cervical spinal nerve?

A

the sulcus for the ventral primary ramus on the costotransverse bar & the vertebral artery

375
Q

What contributes to the anterior boundary of the thoracic intervertebral foramen?

A

the costocentral joint

376
Q

Which are the largest spinal nerves?

A

L5 and S1 spinal nerves

377
Q

What increases the length of the intervertebral foramen at L5?

A

the lumbosacral tunnel

378
Q

What forms the lumbosacral tunnel?

A

the lumbosacral ligament, transverse process of L5 and sacral ala

379
Q

What condition is the result of enchroachment on the L5 spinal nerve?

A

the far out syndrome

380
Q

What is the relationship between intervertebral disc herniation and lumbar spinal nerves?

A

the intervertebral disc above the intervertebral foramen is usually the source of damage

381
Q

What is unusual about the sacral intervertebral foramen compared to other intervertebral foramina?

A

a completely osseous boundary exists

382
Q

What is more likely the cause of nerve irritation at the sacral intervertebral foramen?

A

the tilt or position of the entire sacrum relative to the pelvis

383
Q

What is the relationship of lumbar nerve root size to intervertebral foramen size above L4?

A

the nerve root size will account for less than 22% of the available size

384
Q

What is unique about the relationship of spinal nerve to intervertebral foramen at S5-Co1?

A

there are 2 nerves present, S5 nerve & Co1 nerve

385
Q

What are some examples of destruction lesions of the vertebral body?

A

tuberculosis, hemangiomas, osteoporosis

386
Q

What may reduce the impact of intervertebral disc loss of integrity of the intervertebral foramen in the cervical and thoracic spine?

A

the joint of Luschka in the cervicals, the costocentral joint in the thoracics

387
Q

What are examples of osteophyte formation that influence the intervertebral foramen?

A

the bony spurs of the vertebral body and para-articular processes on the lamina

388
Q

What are examples of acquired alterations of the spinal curves identified in class?

A

obesity, pregnancy and the use of heave backpacks

389
Q

What is the recommended weight of a backpack compared to individual weight for the developing spine?

A

backpack weight should not exceed 10% individual body weight

390
Q

What embryonic event causes the direction of the posterior curve of the vertebral column?

A

the embryonic disc will undergo flexion in a cranial to caudal direction

391
Q

Why is the posterior curve also called the primary curve?

A

it is the 1st curve to appear embryologically

392
Q

What are the adult remnants of the primary curve along the vertebral column?

A

the thoracic or dorsal curve and the pelvic or sacrococcygeal curve

393
Q

What are the names given to curves that form during development to reverse the direction of regions along the vertebral column?

A

anterior curve, secondary surve, compensatory curve

394
Q

What are the names of the anterior curves, secondary curves, and compensatory curves?

A

cervical curve and lumbar curve

395
Q

What segmental levels form the cervical curve?

A

C2-T1

396
Q

What segmental levels form the lumbar curve?

A

T12-L5

397
Q

What is the earliest time of appearance of the cervical curve?

A

3rd fetal month

398
Q

What is the traditional time of appearance of the cervical curve said to be?

A

during the last trimester in utero?

399
Q

What is the time during which the “adult” cervical curve is said to appear?

A

within the 1st yr after birth

400
Q

What developmental events are indicated in the formation of the adult cervical curve?

A
  1. centers for vision and equilibrium will appear in the brain
  2. musculature attaching the skull, cervical region, and upper thorax together develops
  3. the head is held upright
  4. the intervertebral disc height becomes greater anterior than posterior
401
Q

At hwat age will the infant begin to hold the head erect?

A

usually between the 3rd and 4th month after birth

402
Q

What is the name given to the integration of visual and motor pathways associated with holding the head erect?

A

the righting reflex

403
Q

What is the location for the apex of the cervical curve?

A

typically between C4 and C5

404
Q

What is the location for the cervical kyphosis?

A

Between occiput and C1

405
Q

What is the vertebral relationship between the cervical curve and the cervical enlargement?

A

cervical curve C2-T1; cervical enlargement C3-T1

406
Q

What is the time of appearance of the lumbar curve?

A

between 12 and 18 months after birth

407
Q

What infant activities are associated with the developmental of the lumbar curve?

A

crawling and walking

408
Q

What developmental events are indicated in the formation of the adult lumbar curve?

A
  1. crawling will cause the abdomen to put tension on the lumbar region and pulls it forward
  2. muscle development is promoted to compensate for the swayback of the lumbars
  3. intervertebral disc height will become greater anterior compared to posterior
  4. walking will further promote muscle and intervertebral disc development
409
Q

Which sense is a requirement for holding the head erect, standing, sitting, and walking?

A

vision

410
Q

What is the gender bias associated with the lumbar curve convexity?

A

females have a greater convexity of the lumbar curve

411
Q

What is the vertebral relationship between the lumbar curve and the lumbar enlargement?

A

lumbar curve T12-L5; lumbar enlargement T9-T12

412
Q

What is the formation of the lateral curve often correlated with?

A

faster development of the muscles on the side of handedness

413
Q

What is the time of appearance of the lateral curves?

A

the appear after 6yrs old

414
Q

Which lateral curves are best developed?

A

thoracic or dorsal, and lumbar

415
Q

What is the relationship between curve direction and handedness?

A

a right-handed person has a high probability for a right thoracic, left lumbar curve combination

416
Q

What is the incidence of a right thoracic, left lumbar curve combination in the population?

A

about 80% of the population demonstrates this

417
Q

What names are given to conditions associated with abnormal curves of the vertebral column?

A

lordosis, kyphosis, scoliosis

418
Q

What is the definition of lordosis?

A

a forward bending condition

419
Q

What is the definition of kyphosis?

A

a humpback of hunchback condition

420
Q

What is the definition of scoliosis?

A

a warped or crooked condition

421
Q

What is the direction of the curve deviation in lordosis?

A

to the anterior

422
Q

What is the direction of the curve deviation in kyphosis?

A

to the posterior

423
Q

What clinical examples of abnormal curvatures along the vertebral column were stressed in class?

A

military neck, humpback or hunchback, and swayback

424
Q

What are the curve classifications for military neck?

A

a kyphosis or hypolordotic curve

425
Q

What are the curve classifications for humpback or hunchback?

A

a kyphosis or hyperkyphotic curve

426
Q

What are the curve classifications for swayback?

A

a lordosis or hyperlordotic curve

427
Q

What is a more complete, accepted definition of scoliosis?

A

an abnormal lateral curve coupled with axial rotation

428
Q

What are the classifications of scoliosis according to the Scoliosis Research Society?

A

magnitude, location, direction, etiology, structural scoliosis and non-structural scoliosis

Spinal (15 decks)

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