Test 1 Prep Flashcards
What are the 6 cognitive domains?
mnemonic: LLEAPS
Learning and memory
Language
Executive function
Attention
Perceptual motor skills
Social cognition
What is the difference between dimentia and delirium?
With reference to:
Onset
Duration
Level of consciousness
Attention
Behaviour
What is the difference between dimentia and delirium?
With reference to
Behavior
Hallucinations
Cognition
Sleep wake cycles
Mood and affect
What are the causes of delirium?
mnemonic: I WATCH DEATH
Infections (uti, pneumonia etc)
Withdrawal (from substance of abuse)
Acute metabolic (alcohol, benzos)
Toxins (drugs, steroid, psychotropics)
CNS pathology (stroke, infection etc)
Hypoxia (due to hypotension etc)
Deficiencies (thiamine {with alcohol abuse} , B-12)
Endocrine (thyroid, adrenal insufficiency)
Acute vascular ( shock, hypertensive encephalopathy)
Trauma (head injury or post op)
Heavy metals
How do you manage Delirium?
Treat underlying cause
Environmental interventions
- nurse in quiet room
-orientation cues: calender, clock, family picture and windows
Pharmacological
-if agitated: low to high potency antipsychotics or second gen antipsychotics
Haloperidol
Risperidone, olazapine
Benzodiazepines (in alcohol withdrawal)
Reversible causes of dimentia
mnemonic: DIMENTIA
Drugs
Emotions (depression)
Metabolic (hypothyroidism)
Ear to eye decline
Normal pressure hydrocephalus
Tumors and other lesions
Infections (HIV, syphilis)
Anemia (b12, folate def)
What is the triad of normal pressure hydrocephalus?
Utinary incontinence
Dementia
Magnetic/wobbly gait
What are the non-reversible causes of dimentia?
Primary degenerative condition
- alzheimers
- lewy body dementia
- multiple sclerosis
- Frontotemporal dementia
- Wilson’s disease
- Huntington’s disease
Traumatic head injury
Infections
Vascular (multi-infarct dimentia)
Toxins (alcohol)
Anoxia: cardiac arrrest, CO poisoning
Metabolic: DM, hepatic encephalpathy
What is the most common Neurocognitive disorder (dimentia)?
Alzheimer’s disease
What is the second most common cause of Neurocognitive disorder (dimentia)?
Vascular disease
( they have a step-wise decline)
What are the core and suggestive feauture of Lewy body disease?
Core feature
Waxing and waning of cognition
Visual hallucinations
Suggestive features
REM sleep behavior disorder
Pronounced antipsychotic sensitivity
Whatcare hypnogogic hallucinations?
Hallucinations that occur as one is falling asleep
Serial seven test is used to test which domain of cognition?
Attention
What us the difference between PTSD and Acute Stress Disorder
PTSD - trauma occured any time in the past and sx last for more than one month
Acute Stress Disorder - trauma occured less than one month ago and sx last for less than one month
What are the 4 P, s of Psychiatry?
(Aetiological formulation)
- Predisposing factors
- Precipitating factors
- Perpetuating factors
- Protective factors
What is the premorbid personality?
The personality before the mental illness
Define truancy
Staying away from school for no reason
(Absenteeism)
Define cognition
Cognition is the mental action/process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience and senses
List mental disorders that increase risk of developing DMDD (Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder)
Depression?
Anxiety?
List 4 specifiers for Major Depressive disorder
MDD with:
- wth anxious distress
- with mixed features
- with melancholic features
- with atypical feature
- with mood congruent psychotic features
- with mood incongruent psychotic feature
- with catatonia
- with peripartum onset
List all depressive disorders in the DSM 5
Major depressive disorder
Dusruptive mood dyregulation disorder
Persistent depressive disorder(dysthymia)
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
Substance induced depressive disorder
Depressive disorder due to another medical condition
Other specified depressive disorder
Unspecified depressive disorder
What is the significant difference between BPD I and BPD II ?
Acute dystonia
Sustained muscle contractions
(antipsychotic medication side effect)
Akathesia
Feeling of inner restlessness
Parkinsonism
Rigidity
Tremor
Bradikinesia (slowness of movement)
Tardive dyskinesia
Repetitive muscle contractions
Normal pressure hydrocephalus.
Normal pressure hydrocephalus is an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that causes the ventricles in the brain to become enlarged, sometimes with little or no increase in intracranial pressure with not much cortical atrophy
Normal Pressure hydrocephalus differential dx
Vascular disease (stroke)
Alzheimer’s disease
Major difference between Alzheimers and Vascular disease
Alzheimer’s disease- slow decline
Vascular disease - step-wise decline
What are the symptoms of Normal preasure hydrocephalus
Broad/wobbly gait
Urinary incontinence
Dimentia
People at risk of vitamin B12
- Alcoholics (due to ahsorption issues)
- Vegans ( Vit B12 is predominantly found in meat stuff
What does one need to thinkbof when a young person presents with a Stroke?
- Substance abuse (cocaine and other stimulants)
- Infections
State some PTSD sx
- hypervigilance
- avoiding thoughts and places reminding them of trauma
- distancing self from friends and family
- avoiding things that remind them of traumatic event
- anxiety
- nightmares
- flashbacks
- panick attacks
- sunstance abuse ( recreational drugs and alcohol)
Illusion
Real stimulus misinterpreted
Signs of al alzheimer’s
- memory loss
- poor judgement
- confusion
What are Bleuler’s fundamental symptoms?
The A’s
Alogia
Autism
Ambivalence
Affect blunting
Huntington’s disease
Huntington’s disease (HD) is an autosomal-dominant, neurodegenerative disease characterized by a triad of symptoms and signs:(1) psychiatric syndromes; (2) a movement disorder; and (3) cognitive impairment.
