test 1 hard ones

Question 1

draw the biopsychosocial model

Answer 1

on paper

Question 2

what is expectancy value theory (EVT)

Answer 2

behavior is a result of

1) expected value and
2) utility/value of outcome (what its worth to you)

-value determined based on past experiences with the behavior (kind of like a pro con list)

EVT & matching law: your decision to engage in behaviors relies upon your assessment of reinforcements, both for the target behavior and other alternatives

problems: it is one dimensional, and your EV might be determined by who you are with

Question 3

what is the problem for EV and SCT

Answer 3

• you may know there is good value to the behavior and be constantly getting positive social cues, yet…
• self efficacy: your outcome expectancies don’t mean anything if you believe that you are unable to perform the task in such a way that will result in the outcome (consider magnitude, generality, and strength)

Question 4

what are magnitude, generality and strength

Answer 4

magnitude: level of difficulty
generality: of mastery needed to accomplish
strength: of the expectation

Question 5

what is the theory of planned behavior (TPB)

Answer 5

built on theory of reasoned action (TRA)

• considers attitudes about the behavior and subjective norms (what other people think about a behavior)
• perceived motivation to comply

TRA + perceived behavioral control = TPB
-the beliefs that one has about his/her abilities to perform a behavior, based upon that individuals knowledge of his/her resources or opportunities

Question 6

draw TRA -> TPB

Answer 6

on paper

Question 7

what is the health belief model

Answer 7

-a psychological model intended to address what motivates people to seek out preventative care

looks at self efficacy in terms of perceived threat and outcome expectations

perceived threat:

1) perceived susceptibility to the problem (is the personal risk great enough?)
2) perceived seriousness of the consequences (physical, emotional and social)

outcome expectations:

1) perceived benefits of specific actions (including physical, mental and social)
2) perceived barriers to taking action (any barrier whether real or simply perceived)

• if certain conditions are met then action should ensue (susceptible and serious and good benefits and no barriers)
• *most times not all 4 are met**

Question 8

explain tobacco use

Answer 8

why start: coping mechanism, family influence, peer pressure, curious, genetics, weight control

why continue: addiction (change in brain), positive reinforcement (makes you feel good), negative reinforcement (don’t want withdrawal), optimism bias (think nothing bad will happen), stress relief, fear

global trends:

• men smoke more
• 10-20% not as bad as other countries
• age 18-25 highest risk for smoking
• decreased youth use over the years

contributors to change:

• price increase leads to a decrease in demand
• advertisement increase
• smoke free laws
• it’s not as socially acceptable anymore (increase in Ecigarettes- marketing to young people)

Question 9

explain gambling behavior

Answer 9

• now is categorized as an addictive disorder, the only behavioral addiction fit in this category with just ingestion of substances
• when people gamble it affects their brain in the same way as ingestion of drugs and alcohol does
• in gambling you build up a tolerance and need more to get desired effect, and craving and withdrawal if you don’t feed the addiction
• people gamble for the same reasons people use substances (personality, social influence, demographics, accessibility, genetics and environmental influence)