cardiovascular disease test 2

Question 1

what is cardiovascular disease

Answer 1

group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels

-there are multiple types of CVD

Question 2

why do health psychologists spend so much time with CVD

Answer 2

• an excellent example of health consequence that can occur due to risky lifestyle choices
• many cardiovascular diseases are preventable, meaning they occur due to factors within our control

Question 3

what is atherosclerosis

Answer 3

deposits of fat, cholesterol, calcium and other substances (plaque) lines arteries

Question 4

what are the three key points about CVD

Answer 4

1) plaque narrows passageway of arteries which leads to reduced blood flow
2) plaque hardens arteries which makes them inflexible
3) usually plaque buildup is a result of diet

Question 5

what is cardiac arrest

Answer 5

caused by ventricular fibrillation, abnormal heart rhythm that occurs when the heart fails to pump blood to other organs, will cause unconsciousness and will be fatal if heart isn’t synchronized

Question 6

heart disease facts in US

Answer 6

• causes 1/4 deaths

- leading cause of death for men and women

Question 7

what is angina pectoris

Answer 7

squeezing, tightness or pain in the chest usually caused by CVD

• warning sign the heart is not getting adequate blood and oxygen supply
• if ignored may lead to heart attack

Question 8

what is automated external defibrillator (AED)

Answer 8

send electrical charge to the heart that is meant to restart circulation process

Question 9

what is cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

Answer 9

stimulates the heart and provides O2 to lungs

Without medical attention to a heart attack someone can die in 10 minutes or less

Question 10

what are sudden cardiac arrest stats in US

Answer 10

• sudden cardiac arrest happens to 326,000 a year and can happen anytime to anyone
• less than 10% survive

Question 11

who is most likely to experience mortality/morbidity

Answer 11

• coronary artery disease more prevalent in men at every age group except 20-39 (equal for men and women)
• risk increases with age
• average age for 1st heart attack is 65 (between 4-10% occur before 45, mostly in men)
• 80% of young heart attacks due to atherosclerosis (due to diet, is identifiable in late teen years)

Question 12

what is heart attack incidence

Answer 12

• risk increases with age
• black men and women have higher rates than whites
• men have higher rates overall
• white women have lowest overall rates

Question 13

what is cerebrovascular disease/stroke and the two types

Answer 13

affects the vessels that carry blood and oxygen to he brain

1) ischemic: interruption of blood flow to the brain
2) hemorrhagic: rupture of blood vessel to brain

Question 14

what are some differences between ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke

Answer 14

• ischemic is most common (80% of all strokes)

- hemorrhagic have a higher death rate because more difficult to treat

Question 15

what are the stroke rates

Answer 15

hemorrhagic has remained stable

rates for ischemic have decreased

Question 16

explain stroke awareness

Answer 16

• one side of face falls, weakness in arms, slurred speech
• call 911 if these symptoms exist
• 4% improvement for patient prognosis for each 15 minute interval
• stroke cause irreversible injured tissue in the brain

Question 17

explain stroke incidence

Answer 17

• most common in black men and women

- least common in white women

Question 18

what are some non-modifiable risk factors for CVD

Answer 18

• race/ethnicity: cardiovascular reactivity- brief increases in blood pressure due to frustration (higher in blacks)
• age (risk increases with age)
• family history
• sex (earlier research said CVD more common in men but more women die within a year of heart attack and 2/3 of those who die have no previous symptoms)

So women have CVD develop later in life but have a worse outcome

Question 19

what are risk factors for CVD

Answer 19

1) high total cholesterol
2) low HDL (good cholesterol)
3) high BP
4) diabetes
5) obesity
6) smoking

no risk factors = 5% chance of CVD
at least 2= 69% chance of CVD

Question 20

what is hypertension

Answer 20

high blood pressure
-normal is 120/80 systolic/diastolic

symptoms include: headaches, palpitations, nose bleeds, etc.
-at least 1/3 have HBP, more have prehypertension

Question 21

what is the “silent killer”

Answer 21

hypertension

-often goes undetected and if untreated can lead to organ failure, stroke, heart attack, etc

Question 22

what are the two types of high blood pressure

Answer 22

1) essential/primary hypertension: no identifiable cause (lifestyle and genetics)
2) secondary hypertension: due to another underlying health issue

Question 23

what is high BP prevalence

Answer 23

• increase with age

- more common in men until age 55-63, then equal, then more common in women

Question 24

what is white coat hypertension

Answer 24

the stress of going to the doctor causes an increase in BP while you are there, but your BP at home is normal
-affects 1/3 of adults aged 50

Question 25

what are psychological factors for CVD

Answer 25

- job strain associated with high levels of hypertension (especially in women) - low social support and bad marriages associated with increased risk for CVD - Type A and Type B personality (type A has more CVD because more hostility and anger)

Question 26

what are the modifiable risk factors for heart disease

Answer 26

smoking and diet

Question 27

explain smoking and heart disease

Answer 27

- compared to men, women who smoke are 2-4x more likely to be at risk for heart disease - smoking is the single most preventable risk factor for heart disease - quitting has tremendous benefits- even right after quitting (BP drops immediately, then heart disease risk drops)

Question 28

explain diet and heart disease

Answer 28

- need to understand whats good and bad for health - food pyramid changed, carbs no longer the base, now emphasizes exercise - macronutrients: carbs, proteins and fats (need balance)

Question 29

explain the differences in carbs, proteins and fats

Answer 29

carbs: simple v complex proteins: animal v plant fats: good v bad (good raise HDL- polyunsaturates and monounsaturates) (bad raise LDL- saturated, trans)

Question 30

what are the overall rates of CVD

Answer 30

decreasing death rates for almost all types of CVD (for all races as well, but blacks rates are the highest) -mortality within 5 years of first stroke increases with age

Question 31

explain CVD and how it impacts the globe

Answer 31

- not just western problem - more than 30% of worldwide deaths due to CVD - contribute to disability adjusted life years

Question 32

what is common pathology

Answer 32

stroke and heart disease have similar symptoms, types of care, cost of care, duration of recovery

Question 33

how do stroke and heart disease compare worldwide

Answer 33

40% of all nations have a greater burden of stroke compared to heart disease (Africa, Asia and South America)

Question 34

what does the World Heart Federation do

Answer 34

fend against heart disease

Question 35

what are the types of treatment for CVD

Answer 35

- catheterization is the most common - Bypass PCl and pacemakers also common - heart transplants (uncommon) - more common in 50-64 age group

Question 36

what is bypass

Answer 36

3rd most common but most common type of open-heart surgery in US -inserting tubes to change typical heart blood flow

Question 37

what is pacemakers

Answer 37

gaining interest again - monitor your heartbeat and send stimulation to your heart when rhythm is abnormal - cannot get an MRI

Question 38

are there any other treatments for CVD

Answer 38

- robotic surgery: minimally invasive techniques with quicker recovery, make smaller incisions because hands don't have to be in there - aneurysms may cause a stroke but can be treated prior to a stroke - prescription meds: lots of them, these drugs are not necessarily "solutions" and can have serious health consequences ex. Lipton lowers cholesterol but also increases risk for diabetes

Question 39

what is cardiac rehabilitation

Answer 39

- help patient deal with reactions to their diagnosis, potentially cope with depression or anxiety - return to normal activities (depends on procedure) - change to a healthier lifestyle and adhere to medical regime

Question 40

what is the time to heal for CVD treatments

Answer 40

- least invasive makes least time to heal (few hours in hospital) - more invasive interferes more with daily living (few days in hospital, weeks/months to full recover) - stroke recovery takes a long time to regain normal activity