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PY203 > cardiovascular disease test 2 > Flashcards

cardiovascular disease test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is cardiovascular disease

A

group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels

-there are multiple types of CVD

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2
Q

why do health psychologists spend so much time with CVD

A
  • an excellent example of health consequence that can occur due to risky lifestyle choices
  • many cardiovascular diseases are preventable, meaning they occur due to factors within our control
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3
Q

what is atherosclerosis

A

deposits of fat, cholesterol, calcium and other substances (plaque) lines arteries

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4
Q

what are the three key points about CVD

A

1) plaque narrows passageway of arteries which leads to reduced blood flow
2) plaque hardens arteries which makes them inflexible
3) usually plaque buildup is a result of diet

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5
Q

what is cardiac arrest

A

caused by ventricular fibrillation, abnormal heart rhythm that occurs when the heart fails to pump blood to other organs, will cause unconsciousness and will be fatal if heart isn’t synchronized

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6
Q

heart disease facts in US

A
  • causes 1/4 deaths

- leading cause of death for men and women

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7
Q

what is angina pectoris

A

squeezing, tightness or pain in the chest usually caused by CVD

  • warning sign the heart is not getting adequate blood and oxygen supply
  • if ignored may lead to heart attack
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8
Q

what is automated external defibrillator (AED)

A

send electrical charge to the heart that is meant to restart circulation process

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9
Q

what is cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

A

stimulates the heart and provides O2 to lungs

Without medical attention to a heart attack someone can die in 10 minutes or less

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10
Q

what are sudden cardiac arrest stats in US

A
  • sudden cardiac arrest happens to 326,000 a year and can happen anytime to anyone
  • less than 10% survive
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11
Q

who is most likely to experience mortality/morbidity

A
  • coronary artery disease more prevalent in men at every age group except 20-39 (equal for men and women)
  • risk increases with age
  • average age for 1st heart attack is 65 (between 4-10% occur before 45, mostly in men)
  • 80% of young heart attacks due to atherosclerosis (due to diet, is identifiable in late teen years)
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12
Q

what is heart attack incidence

A
  • risk increases with age
  • black men and women have higher rates than whites
  • men have higher rates overall
  • white women have lowest overall rates
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13
Q

what is cerebrovascular disease/stroke and the two types

A

affects the vessels that carry blood and oxygen to he brain

1) ischemic: interruption of blood flow to the brain
2) hemorrhagic: rupture of blood vessel to brain

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14
Q

what are some differences between ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke

A
  • ischemic is most common (80% of all strokes)

- hemorrhagic have a higher death rate because more difficult to treat

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15
Q

what are the stroke rates

A

hemorrhagic has remained stable

rates for ischemic have decreased

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16
Q

explain stroke awareness

A
  • one side of face falls, weakness in arms, slurred speech
  • call 911 if these symptoms exist
  • 4% improvement for patient prognosis for each 15 minute interval
  • stroke cause irreversible injured tissue in the brain
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17
Q

explain stroke incidence

A
  • most common in black men and women

- least common in white women

18
Q

what are some non-modifiable risk factors for CVD

A
  • race/ethnicity: cardiovascular reactivity- brief increases in blood pressure due to frustration (higher in blacks)
  • age (risk increases with age)
  • family history
  • sex (earlier research said CVD more common in men but more women die within a year of heart attack and 2/3 of those who die have no previous symptoms)

So women have CVD develop later in life but have a worse outcome

19
Q

what are risk factors for CVD

A

1) high total cholesterol
2) low HDL (good cholesterol)
3) high BP
4) diabetes
5) obesity
6) smoking

no risk factors = 5% chance of CVD
at least 2= 69% chance of CVD

20
Q

what is hypertension

A

high blood pressure
-normal is 120/80 systolic/diastolic

symptoms include: headaches, palpitations, nose bleeds, etc.
-at least 1/3 have HBP, more have prehypertension

21
Q

what is the “silent killer”

A

hypertension

-often goes undetected and if untreated can lead to organ failure, stroke, heart attack, etc

22
Q

what are the two types of high blood pressure

A

1) essential/primary hypertension: no identifiable cause (lifestyle and genetics)
2) secondary hypertension: due to another underlying health issue

23
Q

what is high BP prevalence

A
  • increase with age

- more common in men until age 55-63, then equal, then more common in women

24
Q

what is white coat hypertension

A

the stress of going to the doctor causes an increase in BP while you are there, but your BP at home is normal
-affects 1/3 of adults aged 50

25
Q

what are psychological factors for CVD

A
  • job strain associated with high levels of hypertension (especially in women)
  • low social support and bad marriages associated with increased risk for CVD
  • Type A and Type B personality (type A has more CVD because more hostility and anger)
26
Q

what are the modifiable risk factors for heart disease

A

smoking and diet

27
Q

explain smoking and heart disease

A
  • compared to men, women who smoke are 2-4x more likely to be at risk for heart disease
  • smoking is the single most preventable risk factor for heart disease
  • quitting has tremendous benefits- even right after quitting (BP drops immediately, then heart disease risk drops)
28
Q

explain diet and heart disease

A
  • need to understand whats good and bad for health
  • food pyramid changed, carbs no longer the base, now emphasizes exercise
  • macronutrients: carbs, proteins and fats (need balance)
29
Q

explain the differences in carbs, proteins and fats

A

carbs: simple v complex
proteins: animal v plant
fats: good v bad
(good raise HDL- polyunsaturates and monounsaturates)
(bad raise LDL- saturated, trans)

30
Q

what are the overall rates of CVD

A

decreasing death rates for almost all types of CVD (for all races as well, but blacks rates are the highest)
-mortality within 5 years of first stroke increases with age

31
Q

explain CVD and how it impacts the globe

A
  • not just western problem
  • more than 30% of worldwide deaths due to CVD
  • contribute to disability adjusted life years
32
Q

what is common pathology

A

stroke and heart disease have similar symptoms, types of care, cost of care, duration of recovery

33
Q

how do stroke and heart disease compare worldwide

A

40% of all nations have a greater burden of stroke compared to heart disease (Africa, Asia and South America)

34
Q

what does the World Heart Federation do

A

fend against heart disease

35
Q

what are the types of treatment for CVD

A
  • catheterization is the most common
  • Bypass PCl and pacemakers also common
  • heart transplants (uncommon)
  • more common in 50-64 age group
36
Q

what is bypass

A

3rd most common but most common type of open-heart surgery in US
-inserting tubes to change typical heart blood flow

37
Q

what is pacemakers

A

gaining interest again

  • monitor your heartbeat and send stimulation to your heart when rhythm is abnormal
  • cannot get an MRI
38
Q

are there any other treatments for CVD

A
  • robotic surgery: minimally invasive techniques with quicker recovery, make smaller incisions because hands don’t have to be in there
  • aneurysms may cause a stroke but can be treated prior to a stroke
  • prescription meds: lots of them, these drugs are not necessarily “solutions” and can have serious health consequences
    ex. Lipton lowers cholesterol but also increases risk for diabetes
39
Q

what is cardiac rehabilitation

A
  • help patient deal with reactions to their diagnosis, potentially cope with depression or anxiety
  • return to normal activities (depends on procedure)
  • change to a healthier lifestyle and adhere to medical regime
40
Q

what is the time to heal for CVD treatments

A
  • least invasive makes least time to heal (few hours in hospital)
  • more invasive interferes more with daily living (few days in hospital, weeks/months to full recover)
  • stroke recovery takes a long time to regain normal activity

PY203 (10 decks)

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