Test 1 Ch. 2 Flashcards
Means information is collected via one of our senses, usually sight but also touch, feel, hear, or see the information
Empiricism
This usually takes the form of thoughts, feeling,or behaviors
Data
Statements about observations or data are called
facts
A collection of facts can be used to generate a _____ or an abstract generalization that provides an explanation for the set of facts
Theory
What does a theory need to be in order to be scientific?
falsifiable
What does falsifiable mean?
that there must be a possibility that it can be disproved
Is the Intelligent Design a scientific theory? why or why not?
No, because it is not testable and there is no observation
A theory is used to generate a ________
Hypothesis
A prediction that a certain outcome will occur under a specific set of conduit
Hypothesis
One of which you observe the relation between two variables, usually at a single point in time
correlational study
The value of a correlation can range from ____to ____and are referred to as perfect correlations
-1 to +1
one in which the levels of both variables increase or decrease at the same time
Positive correlation
occurs when the level of one variable increases as the level of the other decreases
Negative Correlation
Results of the participant not being randomly sampled or not being randomly assigned to condition
Selection Bias
to ensure a representative sample, the researcher should do what
Randomly select or do random sample
This ensures that each member of the population has an equal chance o being a participant in the study
Random selection
the experimenter manipulates the independent variable and observes its effects on another the dependent variable this is called the
Experimental Method
This i means that each participant has equal chance of being assigned to each condition
Random assignment
Ex. Is employment harmful to women’s health?
IV: Employment
DV: Health
EX. Does testosterone increase aggression?
IV: Testosterone
DV: Agression
Ex. Do African- Americans have more traditional gender-role attitudes than Caucasians?
IV:Race
DV: Gender Role Attitudes
Ex. Which relationships are closer, same sex of other sex?
IV: Relationship type
DV: closeness
Ex. Are men or women smarter?
IV: Sex
DV: IQ
Ex. Does commitment in a relationship decrease power
IV: Commitment
DV: power
Ex. Are lesbians more masculine than heterosexual women?
IV: Sexual orientation
DV: Gender role
Ex. Is touching a function of status?
IV: Status
DV: touching
Ex. Do we smile more at male infants or at female infants
IV: Infant sex
DV: Smiling
What is a subject variable? and TF…
Is a variable that can not be manipulated and TF the experiment is not a scientific one but a correlation
meaning it is the characteristic of something to which people respond
stimulus or target variable
The strength and the experimental method and it is being confident you are measuring the true cause of the effect
Internal validity
the confidence tat the results from the experiment generalize to the real world
External validity
Experiments in which the investigation is taken into the environment where the behavior to be studied naturally occurs
Field Experiment
Study in which data are collected in multiple time points
Longitudinal study
A stats tool used to synthesize the results of studies
Meta-analysis
Repetition of a study, often w/different measures of the independent variable and the DV
Replication
A demand characteristic; ways in which participants behave in experiments to give socially desirable answers
Social desirability response bias
Variable that can be manipulate din an experiment
Stimulus/target variable
refer to the ways the experimenter, or person conducting the research, can influence the results of study
Experimenter effects
Stages of research process that can be influenced by the experimenter:
Topic/question asked-> Study Design (Selection of Part., Variable manipulated, variables measured) Data Collection-> Data Interpretation-> Data Communication
the ways in which participants of an experiment can influence the outcome of a study are refereed to as
Demand characteristics
People want to behave in socially desirable ways, ways in which they appear normal and likable.
Social desirability response bias
What did scientists focus on first around 1894
The size of the brain TF stating that women were intellectually inferior than men bc of the size of the brain
Second, scientist focused on the __________ and thought that it controlled the higher levels of mental functioning
frontal cortex
Developed the MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
Hathaway and McKinely 1940
This consisted items reflecting, altruism, emotional sensitivity, sexual preference, preference for certain occupations and gender identity
The MMPI
What was the most notable feature in the development of this scale?
That is that the felinity was measured by 13 homosexual men
the Franck and Rosen 1949
Consisted of incomplete drawings and told M and W to complete the drawing and saw sex differences in how the 36 of the 60 drawing were completed
In the Franck and Rosen drawing (1949) how did men and women complete the drawings
Men: closed of the stimuli, make sharper edges, include angels and focus on unifying objects and unifying objects rather than keeping them separate
Women: Women were found to keep a stimuli open, make round or blunt edges and make lines that pointed inward
these two people distinguished bw instrumental or goal-oriented behavior and expressive or emotional behavior in there studies of male group interactions the expressive leader focused on getting the job done and the expressive leader focused on harmony then extended it to gender
1955 Parsons and Bales
in 1974 published the BEM sex role inventory
Sandra Bem
Spence, Helmreich, and Stapp published the
(PAQ) Personal Attributes Questionnaire
These are the most commonly used inventories to measure masculinity and feminity today
The BEM and the PAQ
