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Psychology of Gender > Test 1 Ch. 2 > Flashcards

Test 1 Ch. 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Means information is collected via one of our senses, usually sight but also touch, feel, hear, or see the information

A

Empiricism

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2
Q

This usually takes the form of thoughts, feeling,or behaviors

A

Data

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3
Q

Statements about observations or data are called

A

facts

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4
Q

A collection of facts can be used to generate a _____ or an abstract generalization that provides an explanation for the set of facts

A

Theory

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5
Q

What does a theory need to be in order to be scientific?

A

falsifiable

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6
Q

What does falsifiable mean?

A

that there must be a possibility that it can be disproved

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7
Q

Is the Intelligent Design a scientific theory? why or why not?

A

No, because it is not testable and there is no observation

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8
Q

A theory is used to generate a ________

A

Hypothesis

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9
Q

A prediction that a certain outcome will occur under a specific set of conduit

A

Hypothesis

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10
Q

One of which you observe the relation between two variables, usually at a single point in time

A

correlational study

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11
Q

The value of a correlation can range from ____to ____and are referred to as perfect correlations

A

-1 to +1

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12
Q

one in which the levels of both variables increase or decrease at the same time

A

Positive correlation

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13
Q

occurs when the level of one variable increases as the level of the other decreases

A

Negative Correlation

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14
Q

Results of the participant not being randomly sampled or not being randomly assigned to condition

A

Selection Bias

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15
Q

to ensure a representative sample, the researcher should do what

A

Randomly select or do random sample

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16
Q

This ensures that each member of the population has an equal chance o being a participant in the study

A

Random selection

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17
Q

the experimenter manipulates the independent variable and observes its effects on another the dependent variable this is called the

A

Experimental Method

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18
Q

This i means that each participant has equal chance of being assigned to each condition

A

Random assignment

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19
Q

Ex. Is employment harmful to women’s health?

A

IV: Employment
DV: Health

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20
Q

EX. Does testosterone increase aggression?

A

IV: Testosterone
DV: Agression

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21
Q

Ex. Do African- Americans have more traditional gender-role attitudes than Caucasians?

A

IV:Race
DV: Gender Role Attitudes

22
Q

Ex. Which relationships are closer, same sex of other sex?

A

IV: Relationship type
DV: closeness

23
Q

Ex. Are men or women smarter?

A

IV: Sex
DV: IQ

24
Q

Ex. Does commitment in a relationship decrease power

A

IV: Commitment
DV: power

25
Q

Ex. Are lesbians more masculine than heterosexual women?

A

IV: Sexual orientation
DV: Gender role

26
Q

Ex. Is touching a function of status?

A

IV: Status
DV: touching

27
Q

Ex. Do we smile more at male infants or at female infants

A

IV: Infant sex
DV: Smiling

28
Q

What is a subject variable? and TF…

A

Is a variable that can not be manipulated and TF the experiment is not a scientific one but a correlation

29
Q

meaning it is the characteristic of something to which people respond

A

stimulus or target variable

30
Q

The strength and the experimental method and it is being confident you are measuring the true cause of the effect

A

Internal validity

31
Q

the confidence tat the results from the experiment generalize to the real world

A

External validity

32
Q

Experiments in which the investigation is taken into the environment where the behavior to be studied naturally occurs

A

Field Experiment

33
Q

Study in which data are collected in multiple time points

A

Longitudinal study

34
Q

A stats tool used to synthesize the results of studies

A

Meta-analysis

35
Q

Repetition of a study, often w/different measures of the independent variable and the DV

A

Replication

36
Q

A demand characteristic; ways in which participants behave in experiments to give socially desirable answers

A

Social desirability response bias

37
Q

Variable that can be manipulate din an experiment

A

Stimulus/target variable

38
Q

refer to the ways the experimenter, or person conducting the research, can influence the results of study

A

Experimenter effects

39
Q

Stages of research process that can be influenced by the experimenter:

A 
Topic/question asked->
Study Design (Selection of Part., Variable manipulated, variables measured)
Data Collection->
Data Interpretation->
Data Communication
40
Q

the ways in which participants of an experiment can influence the outcome of a study are refereed to as

A

Demand characteristics

41
Q

People want to behave in socially desirable ways, ways in which they appear normal and likable.

A

Social desirability response bias

42
Q

What did scientists focus on first around 1894

A

The size of the brain TF stating that women were intellectually inferior than men bc of the size of the brain

43
Q

Second, scientist focused on the __________ and thought that it controlled the higher levels of mental functioning

A

frontal cortex

44
Q

Developed the MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

A

Hathaway and McKinely 1940

45
Q

This consisted items reflecting, altruism, emotional sensitivity, sexual preference, preference for certain occupations and gender identity

A

The MMPI

46
Q

What was the most notable feature in the development of this scale?

A

That is that the felinity was measured by 13 homosexual men

47
Q

the Franck and Rosen 1949

A

Consisted of incomplete drawings and told M and W to complete the drawing and saw sex differences in how the 36 of the 60 drawing were completed

48
Q

In the Franck and Rosen drawing (1949) how did men and women complete the drawings

A

Men: closed of the stimuli, make sharper edges, include angels and focus on unifying objects and unifying objects rather than keeping them separate

Women: Women were found to keep a stimuli open, make round or blunt edges and make lines that pointed inward

49
Q

these two people distinguished bw instrumental or goal-oriented behavior and expressive or emotional behavior in there studies of male group interactions the expressive leader focused on getting the job done and the expressive leader focused on harmony then extended it to gender

A

1955 Parsons and Bales

50
Q

in 1974 published the BEM sex role inventory

A

Sandra Bem

51
Q

Spence, Helmreich, and Stapp published the

A

(PAQ) Personal Attributes Questionnaire

52
Q

These are the most commonly used inventories to measure masculinity and feminity today

A

The BEM and the PAQ

Psychology of Gender (8 decks)

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