Chapter 8 final Flashcards
Emphasizes there char. of the person as a determinant of friendship
dispositional level of analysis
Emphasizes the diff. positions of women and men in society
Structural level of analysis
There at least 2 levels of analyses to the study of gender and friendship:
Dispositional level of analysis
Structural level of analysis
n example of structural level of analysis is the research showing that men have more cross-sex relationships than women, why?
bc men are more likely than women to work outside the home
The situational variables on gender and friendships are
quantity and quality
refers to the # of friends of the size of network
quantity
refers to the nature of the friendship (intimate/close)
quality
——- are more likely to interact in dyads and to spend time talking to one another where as—— are more likely to spend time in large groups that are focused on some activity
Girls
boys
girls primary social network=
boys primary social network+
G=consisted of friends
B=both friends and none friends
what is one reason why it is difficult to determine if there are sex-differences in the size of friendship networks is
that the concept of friend may differ for women and men
it is likely/unlikely that network size differs vastly b.w. girls and boys b/w women and men
unlikely
it may appear sometimes that boys have more friends than girls, because
boys play in larger groups than girls
boys view friendships as ——— : a friend is someone with whom you do things
girls view friendship as more —— : a friend is someone with whom you connect
instrumental
emotional
study of college students show that females find more —— in their friendships compared to males, whereas males find more ——— in their friendships compared to females
intimacy
companionship
We begin to find a dispositional element of sex coming into play:
women self-disclose in same sex relationship
men less self-disclosing in sam-sex relationship but may be more disclosing in cross sex relationships
Women rate ———– of a relationship to be more important
affective aspects
Women believe in ———–, making a person feel good about themselves
comforting
men rate —— one another, casual conversation and conveying information
entertaining
The difference of men and women may be increased by ————–
gender schema influence
woman’s friendships are more——- compared to men, largely due to the emphasis on ——–
communal
self-disclosure
question/issue: whether the ————- varies from females to males
nature of the shared activities
The expressive/instrumental distinction in the nature of female and males friendships also has been linked to potential differences in the ways females and males provide support….women are more likely to respond to others’ probs. by ———- and men respond to others’ probe by ———
offering sympathy
offering advice
women and men may be confirming ———–
gender-role stereotypes
both men and women rate ——- as important element in friendship
self-disclosure
men define themselves as ——- and society define women on ———–
who they are
how they are supposed to act
Story of the african american males= women have ——- relationships (this is mutual exchanges)
reciprocal relationships
both men and women want a friend who is:
- trustworthy
- source of support
- source of fun and relaxation
- are likely to perceive themselves as similar to their friend
- spend a substantial amount of time in convo with their friends
- Egalitarianism
in the study of rating which to be more important amongst men and women, they both agreed that the
affective aspects of friendship were more important than the instrumental aspects of friendship
————- is another important features of friendship for both men and women
Egalitarianism (which is more favorable bc it is more equal)
friendship by def. implies-
equal status
The primary diff. in the nature of men’s and women’s friendships is that an activity is the focus of men’s ———- and ———— in the focus of women’s interactions.
interactions
conversation
It is clear that female friendships are more communal than males, but the sex diff. in the ———- friendship is less clear.
men and women may spend time sharing activities in diff. ways so that shared activities are more—– for wmn than men
instrumental
intimate
Although some of these findings generalize to diff. cultures, there are ethnic diff in friendship within the US.
the female emphasis on —— and the male lack of —— are more characteristic of ——- friendships than the friendships of ——–
self-disclosure
self disclosure
white people’s
ethnic groups
Friendship:
wmn=
men=
internal variables
external variables
Story of African AMerican males:
women have reciprocal relationships
Research Measure:
Problem-man and women define the same concepts diff and this scale is
bias towards women def.
Which form is used most for the friendship scaling and who was it made by?
Acquaintance Description Form(13 scales that help define friendships)
This is a real time examination of meaningfulness of interactions in your life
to describe the nature of social interactions on a day-to-day or moment-to-moment basis
Typical report:
Rochester Interactions Record (RIR)
7-8=10 min interactions during the avg day
using RIR Ries,Senchak, & Solomon, 1985) findings suggested
what design was this?
- women’s accounts were more intimate than mens
- women and men are equally capable of intimacy, men prefer not to behave as intimately as women
mixed, qualitative and qualitative
What does cross-cultural research suggest, and why
some of the sex diff. in intimacy are a western phenomenon
in the 3 western cultures men were more intimate w/women than w/men or were equally intimate to men and women
TF the link of intimacy to WOMEN appears to be a facet of western culture
What was one problem to the conclusion that women’s relationships are closer than those of men in US has to do with
the way the closeness of intimacy is measured
how is intamacy often measured?
by self-disclosure, and wmn self-disclose more than men.
Intimacy (feminine)=self-disclosure (masculine)
B/c women may be more likely to express intimacy through self-disclosure, and men may be more likely to express intimacy through activities than there would be less evidence for women’s friendships being more intimate than those of men
why might men not have or not have close relationships?
Have;
Not have;
Have- -defense of terr. -hunting -maintaining good social order -(biological aspect of why men do have friendships) Not have; -fearing affiliation with men -competition; hyper-competition, enjoyment of competition and personal development (ok) -social comparison; non-hostile -homophobia -emotional inexpressiveness
females also engage in a form of self-disclosure with friends that is referred to as
co-rumination
what is co-rumination:
repeatedly discusiing problems, including the causes, the consequences, and negative feelings, with a friend
co-rumination is related to ——– but also related to
a higher friendship quality
greater anxiety and depression
There are many situation variables that effect self-disclosure:
- motivated to self-disclosure
- future interaction
- men who score high on masculinity scales self-disclose to women more
men will not disclose if revealing
weakness or showing vulnerabilities is involved
in one study women are viewed as what if they disclose
healthy
————– also affect disclosure
situational variables
males scored high in disclosing with a female if there was to be later interaction, if no later interaction than the disclosure towards male and females for men were the same
Male friendships were more ——- competitive than female friendships
overly
female friendships can be competitive but is not as direct or overt
there are 3 kinds of competition:
hypercompetition
non-hostile social comparison
enojoyment of competition
Hypercompetition
related?
involves an intense desire to win at all costs without any regard to effect an opponent
-more conflict and less closeness in friendships for both boys and girls
non-hostile social comparison
related?
when we compare our achievement to that of another but without anger , hostility or jealousy
-was related to more friendship closeness for boys
enjoyment of competition
related?
reflects an intense engagement in competitive activity
-unrelated to friendship depended on the nature of the competition
defined at the fear of homosexuality or the fear of appearing homosexual
homophobia
Who has more conflict in friendship; males or females-
females
why is there more conflict in female relationships than male friendship
-females have more difficulty resolving conflict compared to males, they may express their distress in more subtle ways
women have ——— (type of conflict) in their friendships
relational aggression
when it comes to conflict women
accomodate and compromise, when the do assert themselves that are more likely to give a rational
men respond to conflict by asserting
their own interest and more hostile strategies
Cross sex friendships who has more as they get older?
what are the dynamics?
growing men
sim. dynamics as same sex relationships. personality traits the same
