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PSY 105 > Test 1 (Ch 1,2, 13, 14) > Flashcards

Test 1 (Ch 1,2, 13, 14) Flashcards

1
Q

What is psychology?

A

Psychology is the scientific study of thought and behavior

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2
Q

What are the subfields of psychology?

A

1) Cognitive Psychology
2) Developmental Psychology
3) Behavioral Neuroscience
4) Personality Psychology
5) Social Psychology
6) Clinical Psychology

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3
Q

What is Cognitive Psychology?

A

Explores how thought and behavior change and show stability across the life span

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4
Q

What is Development Psychology?

A

Explores how thought and behavior change and show stability across the life span

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5
Q

What is Behavioral Neuroscience?

A

studies the links among brain, mind, and behavior.

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6
Q

What is Personality Psychology?

A

considers what makes people unique, as well as the consistencies in people’s behavior across time and situations.

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7
Q

What is Social Psychology?

A

considers how the real or imagined presence of others influences thought, feeling, and behavior.

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8
Q

What is Clinical Psychology?

A

focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders and ways to promote psychological health.

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9
Q

What is Psychoanalysis?

A

A clinical approach to understanding and treating psychological disorders.

  • the unconscious mind is the most powerful force behind thought and behavior
  • dreams have meaning and are the most direct route to the unconscious mind
  • experiences during childhood are a powerful force in the development of our adult personality.
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10
Q

What is empiricism?

A

that knowledge and thoughts come from experience.
-Mind begins as a blank slate onto which experience writes the contents of the mind (Early influence on modern psychology)

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11
Q

Who was Wilhelm Wundt?

A

Wundt set up a psychology laboratory now considered the birthplace of experimental psychology. He is credited with giving psychology its independence from philosophy and physiology by applying the scientific methods of physiology and physics to questions of philosophy

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12
Q

Compare Contrast Structuralism and Functionalism

A

Structuralism - breaking down experience into its elemental parts offers the best way to understand thought and behavior

Functionalism - looking at why the mind worked the way it did rather than to describe its parts

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13
Q

How would structuralists analyze experience?

A

Introspection - looking into one’s own mind for information about the nature of conscious experience

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14
Q

What is Behaviorism?

A

Psychology must examine observable behavior, not thoughts and ideas. Only way it could be considered a true science.

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15
Q

What is humanistic psychology?

A

Promotes personal growth and meaning as a way of obtaining one’s highest potential

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16
Q

What is Positivist psychology?

A

focus on studying, understanding, and promoting healthy and positive psychological functioning.

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17
Q

How do genes interact with experience?

A

genes get turned on and off by experience—that is, genetic influence changes how we think and behave over the course of our lives

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of Pseudoscience?

A

1) Make no advances in knowledge
2) Disregard well known and established facts
3) Do not challenge own assumptions
4) Offer vague explanations for conclusions
5) Use unsound logic

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19
Q

What is Research Design

A

A plan for how to conduct a study

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20
Q

WHat is population?

A

Entire group being studied

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21
Q

What is a sample??

A

A small subset of the population

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22
Q

What are descriptive studies? (Research methods)

A

Researcher make prediction but does not control variables. Used during exploratory phase.

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23
Q

What is a case study? (Research methods)

A

Observation of one person over time (limitation-not all cases generalizable to other people)

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24
Q

What is Naturalistic Observation? (Research methods)

A

Resarcher observes and records ppl in real world. (Limitation: conditions aren’t controlled)

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25
Q

What is the Interview and Survey method of Research Design? (Research methods)

A

A type of descriptive study, using interviews and surveys to measure results. (Limitation: biased responses, ppl not representative of population)

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26
Q

What is Meta analysis? (Research methods)

A

Combining all studies on one topic and drawing conclusions

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27
Q

What are correlational studies? (Research methods)

A

measure 2 or more variables and their relationship. (Limitation: Does not actually establish causation)
-Corellation Coeffecient: -1.00 to +1.00

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28
Q

What is an Experimental Study? (Research methods)

A

Two characteristics:

   1) Manipulation of predicted cause (independent    variable) and measurement of response (dependent variable)
   2) Random Assignment - Experimental group, control group, single blind, double blind, placebo
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29
Q

What is a quasi experimental study? (Research methods)

A

Just like an experimental except the groups are not randomly assigned. They are naturally occurring.

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30
Q

What are self report measures?

A

Written or oral account (interview and survey) (limitation: social desirability bias)

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31
Q

What are behavioral measures?

A

Observation of behavior in natural environment (Limitation: training coders t measure same)

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32
Q

What are physiological measures?

A

Collecting data on bodily responses (Limitation: Specialized training on expensive equipment)

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33
Q

What is Social facilitation?

A

Presence of others improves your performance

34
Q

What is social loafing?

A

Presence of others causes one to relax standards

35
Q

What are social norms? What larger psychological phenomena are they are a part of?

A

Rules on acceptable Behavior imposed by society. Conformity.

36
Q

What is conformity?

A

Tendency to adjust behavior to what others are doing or to social norms

37
Q

What is informational social influence? What larger psychological phenomena is it a part of?

A

Conforming to behavior of other because they are a source of knowledge. Conformity

38
Q

What is normative social influence? What larger psychological phenomena is it a part of?

A

Conforming to behavior of others to be accepted. Conformity.

39
Q

What was the Asch study an example of?

A

Conformity

40
Q

What is Group Think? What larger psychological phenomena is it a part of?

A

Thinking of group takes over, foregoing logic, to reach decision. Conformity.

41
Q

What is Minority Social Influence?

A

Minority changes majority opinion through informational social influence.

42
Q

What is obedience?

A

Yield to social pressure of authority figure.

43
Q

What was the Milgram study an example of?

A

Obedience.

44
Q

What is an attribution?

A

Inference about causes of behavior

45
Q

Internal attribution?

A

cause of behavior is something inside person

46
Q

External (dispositional) attribution?

A

Cause of behavior is something outside the person

47
Q

What is a self serving bias? What larger psychological phenomena is it a part of?

A

making situational attribution for failure but dispositional attribution for success. attribution.

48
Q

What is Fundamental attribution error

A

Tendency to explain other’s behavior with internal attribution instead of dispositional attribution

49
Q

What is schemas?

A

self developed model of social world

50
Q

What are stereotypes?

A

Schemas of how people are likely to behave based on group they belong to. Usually negative. (All stereotypes are not based on prejudice but some are)

51
Q

What is in-group/out-group bias?

A

My group is better than yours

52
Q

What is Out-group homogeneity?

A

Categorize everyone from out-group as the same

53
Q

What is prejudice?

A

biased attitude (thought) toward group based on unfair generalization (All prejudices are based on stereotypes)

54
Q

What is discrimination?

A

biased action toward someone based on prejudice

55
Q

Reasons for attitude change?

A

1) Cognitive Dissonance: Discomfort from information contrary to belief

2) Persuasion: attempt by person to change opinion by arguing position
- Depends on source, method, audience

56
Q

What is aggression?

A

violent behavior intended to cause physical/psychological harm (deliberate)

57
Q

What are the two types of aggression?

A

Hostile aggression - aggression from anger

Instrumental aggression - to achieve goal

58
Q

What is bystander effect?

A

Less likely to help someone when other are around. Diffusion of responsibility.

59
Q

What are Sternberg’s 3 aspects of love triangle?

A

Intimacy (closeness), Passion (attraction), and Commitment (decision to love)

60
Q

What is Personality?

A

Uniwue, relatively enduring set of behaviors, feelings, thoughts, and motives

61
Q

What are the two parts of a personality characteristic?

A

Consistency across situations and consistency over time

62
Q

What is a personality trait?

A

Disposition to behave consistently. Traits lower behavioral thresholds.

63
Q

Evolution of personality trait - what is a mechanism? What are the two types?

A

adaptive solution to problem with survival or reproduction

1) Physical mechanism - bodily organs/systems
2) Psychological mechanism cognitive/personality systems

64
Q

What is naturally selective trait?

A

increase chance of survival

65
Q

What is a sexually selective trait?

A

increase chance of reproduction

66
Q

What is a heritability estimate?

A

Extent to which your genesinfluence your traits

67
Q

Temperment is influence by what?

A

Utero development and genetics

68
Q

What theory was created by Sigmund Freud?

A

Psychoanalytic theory. Unconscious is the most powerful force in personality.

  • Id: pleasure principle
  • Ego: reality principle
  • Superego: morality principle
69
Q

What are defense mechanisms and what larger psychological theory are they associated with?

A

Operate unconciously to deny and distort reality. They are part of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory.

70
Q

What are the examples of defense mechanisms?

A

1) Repression - repressed sexual/aggressive impulses
2) Reaction Formation - unpleasant idea turned into opposite
3) Projection - Putting what you think/feel on someone else
4) Sublimation - Using your feelings as a drive to do something good

71
Q

What Psychological theory is Alfred Adler known for?

A

Humans strive to overcome inherent infereriorities, called “strive for superiority”. This is the major drive behind behavior.

  • Inferiority complex
  • Most famous study, birth order
72
Q

What Psychological theory is Carl Jung known for?

A

Unconscious has two forms:

1) Personal-all repressed thoughts
2) Collective: Unconscious that belongs to species

Two sides of personality:

1) Anima - female side of male personality
2) Animus - male side of female personality

73
Q

What Psychological theory is Karen Horney known for?

A

Focused on social/cultural forces. Neuroses from:

1) Basic Hostility - anger originating in childhood from parental rejection
2) Basic Anxiety - hostility is threatening so turn inward–isolation/hopelessness

74
Q

What is Neuropsychoanalysis?

A

Combination of neuroscience and Freud’s theories. Attempt to validate Freud’s theories.

75
Q

What is humanist approach psychological theory?

A

Optimism about human behavior - reaching full potential (self actualization)

76
Q

What was Abraham Maslow, what is he known for?

A

Hierarchy of needs (Humanistic approach).

77
Q

Characteristics of self actualizing people?

A

1) spontaneity
2) problem centered
3) creative problem solving
4) deep interpersonal relations
5) resistance to enculturation

78
Q

Who was Carl Rogers?

A

Known for unconditional positive regard - ability to unconditionally love/respect anther person regardless of behavior.

-real self vs ideal self

79
Q

What is social-cognitive learning theory?

A

Personality changes depending on social context

80
Q

According to trait theory, what are the dimensions of personality?

A

O-C-E-A-N

1) Openness to experience (imaginative)
2) Conscientiousness (orderly)
3) Extraversion (sociable)
4) Agreeableness (caring)
5) Neuroticism (anxious)

81
Q

According to biological trait theory, what are the dimensions of personality?

A

N-E-P

1) Neuroticism
2) Extraversion
3) Psychoticism (openness/conscientiousness/agreeableness)

82
Q

What are the ways of measuring personality?

A

1) Observation
2) Interviews
3) Questionairres
4) Projective Test (not reliable)

PSY 105 (10 decks)

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